Table 1.
Cases of autoimmune hepatitis-like syndromes after the coronavirus disease 2019 vaccine
|
Ref.
|
Sex, age
|
Comorbidity
|
Vaccine
|
Time onset after vaccination
|
Symptoms
|
Antibodies
|
Histology
|
Treatment
|
Outcome
|
| Bril et al[45] | F, 35 | None | Pfizer-BioNTech | 7 d after dose I | Jaundice, pruritus, choluria | ANA, anti- Ds-DNA | Compatible with AIH | Prednisone | Remission |
| Ghielmetti et al[49] | M, 63 | Type II diabetes, ischemic heart disease | Moderna | 7 d after dose I | Jaundice, fatigue, anorexia | ANA | Typical for AIH | Prednisone | Remission |
| Avci and Abasiyanik[50] | F, 61 | Hashimoto thyroiditis, hypertension | Pfizer-BioNTech | 30 d after dose I | Jaundice, malaise, fatigue,anorexia | ANA, ASMA | Compatible with AIH | Prednisone + AZA | Remission |
| Mahalingham et al[51] | F, 32 | OLT post-AIH, hypertension | Pfizer-BioNTech | 21 d after dose III | / | SLA/LP | Compatible with AIH | Methylprednisolone | Remission |
| Erard et al[52] | F, 80 | Pfizer-BioNTech | 10 d after dose II | All asthenia, pruritus, jaundice | ANA | Compatible with AIH | Steroids | Remission | |
| F, 73 | Moderna | 21 d after dose I | ANA | Steroids | Remission | ||||
| F, 68 | AstraZeneca | 20 d after dose I | ANA, ASMA | Listing for liver transplantation | Death after 3 d | ||||
| Garrido et al[53] | F, 65 | Polycythaemia Vera | Moderna | 14 d after dose I | Abdominal pain, jaundice, pruritus, acholia, choluria | ANA | Compatible with AIH | Prednisolone | Remission |
| Goulas et al[54] | F, 52 | / | Moderna | 14 d after dose I | Malaise, jaundice | ANA, ASMA | Prednisolone + AZA | Remission | |
| Cao et al[55] | F, 57 | AIH | CoronaVac | 14 d after dose I | Choluria, acholia, jaundice | ANA | Compatiblewith AIH | Methylprednisolone + AZA + UDCA | Remission |
| Vuille-Lessard et al[56] | F, 76 | Hashimoto thyroiditis, urothelial ca. | Moderna | 3 d after dose I | Choluria, fatigue, jaundice | ANA, ASMA, ANCA | Typical for AIH | Prednisolone + AZA | Remission |
| Suzuki et al[57] | F, 80 | GERD | Pfizer-BioNTech | 10 d after dose II | Jaundice | ANA | Compatible with AIH | Prednisone | Remission |
| F, 75 | Dyslipidemia | Pfizer-BioNTech | 4 d after dose II | Choluria | ANA, AMA | Prednisone | Remission | ||
| F, 78 | Primary biliary cholangitis | Pfizer-BioNTech | 7 d after dose I | Fever, malaise | ANA, AMA | Prednisone | Remission | ||
| Tan et al[58] | F, 56 | / | Moderna | 42 d after dose I | Jaundice, malaise, anorexia | ANA, AMA | Compatible with AIH | Budenoside | Remission |
| Zhou et al[59] | F, 36 | Primary sclerosing cholangitis, ulcerative colitis | Moderna | 11 d after dose I | / | ANA, Ds-DNA | Compatible with AIH | Prednisone + Azathioprine | Remission |
| Kang et al[60] | F, 27 | / | Pfizer-BioNTech | 8 d after dose II | Nausea, vomiting, headache, fever, dark urine | ANA | Compatible with AIH | Prednisolone | Remission |
| Rocco et al[61] | F, 80 | Hashimoto thyroiditis Glomerulonephritis | Pfizer-BioNTech | 7 d after dose II | Jaundice | ANA | Typical for AIH | Prednisone | Remission |
| Londoño et al[62] | F, 41 | Premature ovarian failure | Moderna | 7 d after dose II | Choluria, jaundice, epigastric pain, nausea, and vomiting | ANA, AMA, SLA/LP | Typical for AIH | Prednisone | Remission |
| McShane et al[63] | F, 71 | / | Moderna | 4 d after dose I | Jaundice | ASMA | Compatible with AIH | Prednisolone | Remission |
| Clayton-Chubb et al[64] | M, 36 | Hypertension | AstraZeneca | 26 d after dose I | Fever | ANA | Compatible with AIH | Prednisolone | Remission |
| Palla et al[65] | F, 40 | Sarcoidosis | Pfizer-BioNTech | 30 d after dose II | / | ANA | Compatible with AIH | Prednisolone | Remission |
| Rela et al[66] | F, 38 | Hypothyroidism | AstraZeneca | 20 d after dose I | Jaundice, fever, fatigue | ANA | Compatible with AIH | Prednisolone | Remission |
| M, 62 | Diabetes | AstraZeneca | 16 d after dose I | Anorexia, fever, jaundice | / | Prednisolone | Death after 3 wk | ||
| Camacho-Domínguez et al[67] | M, 79 | / | AstraZeneca | 15 d after dose I | Abdominal pain, pruritus, acholia, choluria | ANA, ASMA | Compatible with AIH | Hydrocortisone; Prednisone; Prednisolone | Remission |
| Zin Tun et al[68] | M, 47 | / | Moderna | 3 d after dose I and 3 d after dose II | Malaise, jaundice | ANA | Compatible with AIH | Prednisolone | Remission |
| Torrente et al[69] | F, 46 | Hypothyroidism | AstraZeneca | 21 d after dose I | / | ANA | Compatible with AIH | Prednisone + AZA | Remission |
| Fimiano et al[70] | F, 63 | Hypothyroidism | Pfizer-BioNTech | 54 d after dose III | Abdominal pain, nausea, jaundice, choluria | - | Compatible with AIH | Methylprednisolone + AZA | Remission |
| Izagirre et al[71] | M, 72 | Ischemic heart disease, 30 gr/day alcohol consumption | Pfizer-BioNTech | 46 d after dose II | / | ANA | Compatible with AIH | Prednisone+ Azathioprine | Remission |
| F, 62 | Celiac disease | AstraZeneca | 4 d after dose II | / | ANA | Prednisone+ AZA | Remission | ||
| F, 72 | / | Pfizer-BioNTech | 14 d after dose II | / | ANA | Prednisone | Remission | ||
| F, 59 | Hypothyroidism | Pfizer-BioNTech | 9 d after dose I | / | ANA | Not performed | No treatment received | Spontaneous improvement | |
| Hasegawa et al[72] | F, 82 | Hepatitis C virus | Pfizer-BioNTech | 7 d after dose I | Malaise | ANA | Compatible with AIH | Prednisone | Remission |
| Shroff et al[73] | F, 59 | / | Moderna | 31 d after dose I | / | ANA | Compatible with AIH | Steroids | Remission |
| Efe et al[74] | M, 53 | / | Pfizer-BioNTech | 30 d after dose II | Abdominal pain, pruritus, erythematous skin eruption | / | Compatible with AIH | Prednisolone | Developed HE and liver transplantation |
| Shahrani et al[75] | F,59 | Dyslipidemia | AstraZeneca | 12 d after dose II | Jaundice | / | Compatible with AIH | Prednisolone | Remission |
| F,72 | / | Pfizer-BioNtech | 10 d after booster | Jaundice | AMA | Compatible with AIH | Prednisolone | Remission | |
| Nik et al[76] | F,63 | Primary sclerosing cholangitis, ulcerative colitis | AstraZeneca | 14 d after dose I | Jaundice, pruritus | ANA | Compatible with AIH | Prednisolone | Death after 2 wk for sepsis |
| Mekritthikrai et al[77] | F,52 | Dyslipidemia, hypertension | Coronavac | After dose II | Jaundice | ANA, ASMA | Compatible with AIH | Prednisolone + AZA | Remission |
| Mathew et al[78] | F, late 20s | Headache | AstraZeneca | 10 d after dose I | Jaundice | ANA | Compatible with AIH | Prednisolone | Remission |
ANA: Antinuclear antibody; anti-Ds-DNA: Anti-double stranded DNA; AIH: Autoimmune hepatitis; ASMA: Anti-smooth muscle antibody; AZA: Azathioprine; OLT: Orthotopic liver transplantation; SLA/LP: Anti-soluble liver antigen/liver-pancreas; UDCA: Ursodeoxycholic acid; ANCA: Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies; GERD: Gastroesophageal reflux disease; AMA: Anti-mitochondrial antibodies; HE: Hepatic encephalopathy.