Table 1.
Small molecular extracts of centipede
|
Name
|
Extract methods
|
Function
|
Ref.
|
| Scolopendrin I | Cation-exchange chromatography and two steps RP-HPLC | Antimicrobial (G+, G-, and fungi) | [53] |
| Scolopin 1 | (1) Sephadex Gel Chromatography; (2) RP-HPLC; and (3) characterized by MALDI-TOF MS | Antimicrobial (G+, G-, fungi, drug-resistant bacteria) | [37] |
| Scolopin 2, Scolopin 2-NH2 | (1) Sephadex Gel Chromatography; (2) RP-HPLC; and (3) Scolopin2-NH2 was amidation modification from scolopin 2 | (1) Antimicrobial (G+, G-, fungi, and drug-resistant bacteria); and (2) inhibit proliferation of cervical cancer HeLa cells | [16,37,45] |
| LBLP | Transcriptomic data analysis, peptide synthesis | Anti-fungi | [54] |
| Scolopendrasin II, V, III, X | Next-generation sequencing | (1) Antimicrobial (G+, G-, drug-resistant bacteria, fungi); and (2) regulating immune system to antimicrobial indirectly | [40,55-57] |
| Scolopendrasin IX | Next-generation sequencing | (1) Regulating immune system to antimicrobial indirectly; and (2) treating autoimmune arthritis | [58] |
| Scolopendrasin VII | Next-generation sequencing | (1) Antimicrobial (G+, G-, drug-resistant bacteria, and fungi); (2) regulating immune system to antimicrobial indirectly; and (3) inhibiting leukemia U937 and jurkat cells | [17,59,60] |
| Scolopendin, 1, 2 | RNA sequencing | Antimicrobial (G+, G-, drug-resistant bacteria, and fungi) | [41-44] |
| SerGln-Leu (SQL) | (1) Ultrafiltration, Sephadex G-50 column, Source 15Q anion exchange Column; (2) RP-HPLC C18 column; and (3) characterized by ESI-MS | Anticoagulation and antithrombotic | [7] |
| Thr-Asn-Gly-Tyr-Thr, (TNGYT) | (1) Sephadex G-50 column; (2) RP-HPLC C18 column; and (3) Characterized by ESI-MS | Anticoagulation and antithrombotic | [38] |
| SsTx-R12A | Red-headed centipede’s venom cDNA arsenal | Treating autoimmune diseases mediated by T cells | [61] |
| SsmTX-I | Red-headed centipede’s venom cDNA arsenal | Analgesic | [62] |
| SsTx | Sephadex G-50 Gel Chromatography and RP-HPLC | Blocking KCNQ potassium channels leads to cardiovascular, respiratory, muscular and nervous system damage | [8] |
| Ssm6a | Sephadex Gel Chromatography and RP-HPLC | Analgesic | [39] |
| Haemolymph and tissue extracts | (1) Enzymatic hydrolysis; (2) HPLC; and (3) characterized by MS | Antimicrobial (G+, G-, fungi, viruses, and parasites) | [6] |
| Lacrain | RP-HPLC and characterized by MS | Antibacterial (G-) | [63] |
| Pinipesin | (1) Organic solvent extraction; (2) HPLC Jupiter® C18 column; and (3) characterized by MS | Antimicrobial | [5] |
| AECS | Organic solvent extraction (ethanol) | Inducing apoptosis of human epidermal carcinoma A431 cells and human melanoma HEK293/EGFR, A375 cells | [4,18] |
| Two isoquinoline alkaloids | (1) Organic solvent extraction (ethanol); (2) sephadex G-25 Gel chromatography; and (3) HPLC | Inducing apoptosis of brain glioma U87 cells | [3] |
| Centipede water extract, alcohol extract | (1) Water extraction; (2) freeze-thawing with liquid nitrogen, ultrasonic extraction; and (3) organic solvent extraction (ethanol) | No tumour inhibition in S180 and H22 Transplanted tumour mice | [2] |
| CE, CA | Organic solvent extraction | Inhibiting cervical tumours in vivo | [64] |
| Centipede chloroform extract | Organic solvent extraction (hexane, chloroform, ethanol) | Reducing central nervous system symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease | [65] |
| Scom 5 | (1) Superdex 75 gel filtration; (2) RESOURCE S ion chromatography; and (3) characterized by LC-MSMS, MALDI-TOF/TOF and protein sequencing techniques | Human allergens | [11] |
HPLC: High performance liquid chromatography; RP-HPLC: Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography; MS: Mass spectrum.