Table 1.
Baseline of characteristics of studies of systematic review and meta-analysis.
| Study | Country | Study design | Sample size (no-AKI vs. AKI) | Age | Male (%) | CKD (%) | DM (%) | COPD (%) | HTN (%) | KDIGO classification (%) | ICU admission (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Erben et al. [45] | USA | Retrospective | 876 (671 vs. 205) | 64.4 ± 16.2 | 521 (59.5) | 220 (25.1) | 552 (63) | ||||
| Aukland et al. [43] | Norway | Observational cohort | 361 (256 vs. 105) | 63.6 (53.5–72.5) | 261 (72.3) | 74 (20.5) | 37 (10.2) | ||||
| Dehesa-Lópe et al. [44] | Mexico | Retrospective | 307 (204 vs. 103) | 56 ± 15 | 198 (64.5) | 15 (4.9) | 95 (30.9) | 6 (2) | 127 (41.4) | Stage 1 15.5; Stage 2 34; Stage 3 50.5 | |
| Sullivan et al. [13] | UK | Prospective multicenter cohort | 41294 (28294 vs. 13000) | 24407 (59.1) | 6810 (16.5) | 9345 (22.6) | 20845 (50.5) | Stage 1 65.9; Stage 2 20.1; Stage 3 14.1 | |||
| Marques et al. [7] | Portugal | Retrospective | 339 (237 vs. 87) | 71.7 ± 17.0 | 191 (56.3) | 86 (25.4) | 103 (30.4) | 43 (12.7) | 238 (70.2) | Stage 1 32.2; Stage 2 13.6; Stage 3 54.3 | 87 (25.7) |
| Procaccini et al. [9] | Spain | Retrospective, case control | 1096 (548 vs. 548) | 191 (17.4) | 270 (24.6) | 328 (29.9) | 171 (15.6) | 426 (78.02) | Stage 1 70.07; Stage 2 19.34; Stage 3 10.58 | ||
| Bowe et al. [10] | USA | Observational cohort | 5216 (3561 vs. 1655) | 70 (61–76) | 4908 (94) | 2537 (49) | 3985 (76) | Stage 1 58; Stage 2 13; Stage 3 16 | 1693 (33) | ||
| Wan et al. [11] | UK | Prospective | 1855 (1400 vs. 455) | 65 (51–79) | 1122 (60.5) | 248 (15.8) | 585 (37.2) | 365 (23.2) | 1120 (71.2) | Stage 1 44; Stage 2 19.8; Stage 3 36.3 | 338 (18.2) |
| Diebold et al. [15] | Switzerland | Retrospective | 188 (147 vs. 41) | 62 (48–73) | 115 (61) | 28 (15) | 35 (19) | 23 (12) | 86 (46) | Stage 1 39; Stage 2 24; Stage 3 37 | |
| Casas-Aparicio et al. [16] | Mexico | Retrospective | 99 (41 vs. 58) | 52.9 ± 13.2 | 74 (74.7) | 27 (26.7) | 30 (29.7) | Stage 1 20.7; Stage 2 27.6; Stage 3 50 | |||
| Geri et al. [17] | France | Retrospective multicenter | 379 (184 vs. 195) | 291 (76.8) | 65 (17.2) | 114 (30.1) | 188 (49.6) | Stage 1 29.7; Stage 2 22.6; Stage 3 47.7 | |||
| Genovesi et al. [21] | Italy | Retrospective | 2816 (2334 vs. 482) | 65 (54, 77) | 1856 (65.9) | 477 (17.0) | |||||
| Parker et al. [23] | UK | Retrospective | 1032 (822 vs. 210) | 71 (56–83) | 569 (55.1) | 144 (15.4) | 259 (27.7) | 457 (44.3) | Stage 1 58.6; Stage 2 17.6; Stage 3 23.8 | 165 (16) | |
| Bell et al. [25] | UK | Retrospective | 448 (330 vs. 118) | 69.4 ± 16.2 | 246 (54.8) | 45 (10) | 117 (26.1) | 195 (43.4) | Stage 1 55.1; Stage 2 18.6; Stage 3 26.3 | 62 (13.8) | |
| Jewell et al. [26] | UK | Retrospective | 1248 (761 vs. 487) | 69 ± 17.1 | 734 (58.8%) | 207 (26.6%) | 406 (32.7%) | 122 (9.8%) | 681 (54.6%) | Stage 1 50.9; Stage 2 13.1; Stage 3 35.9 | 192 (15.4%) |
| Li et al. [27] | China | Retrospective multicenter | 223 (188 vs. 35) | 55 ± 30.0 | 130 (58.3) | 5 (2.7) | 31 (16.8) | 63 (34.1) | Stage 1 51.4; Stage 2 20; Stage 3 28.6 | ||
| Charytan et al. [28] | USA | Retrospective | 4732 (3346 vs. 1386) | 65 (51–76) | 2702 (57.10) | 761 (16.08) | 1646 (34.78) | 815 (17.22) | 2738 (57.86) | Stage 1 51.7; Stage 2 9.5; Stage 3 38.7 | 1056 (40.9) |
| Martín-Del-Campo et al. [31] | Mexico | Retrospective | 773 (613 vs. 160) | 485 (62.7) | 293 (37.9) | 369 (47.7) | 182 (23.5) | ||||
| Chávez-Íñiguez et al. [32] | Mexico | Prospective | 877 (540 vs. 337) | 55.9 ± 15.7 | 548 (62.5) | 97 (11) | 311 (35.4) | 27 (3.0) | 332 (37.8) | Stage 1 31.2; Stage 2 24.3; Stage 3 44.5 | |
| Reese et al. [33] | USA | Retrospective multicenter | 66494 (62328 vs. 4166) | 31238 (47.0) | 11712 (17.6) | 20615 (31.0) | |||||
| van Son et al. [34] | Netherlands | Retrospective | 1634 (1456 vs. 178) | 1040 (63.6) | 161 (9.9) | 297 (18.2) | 748 (45.8) | 467 (28.6%) | |||
| See et al. [35] | Singapore | Retrospective | 707 (650 vs. 57) | 46 (29–57) | 405 (57.3) | 5 (1) | 82 (12) | 24 (3) | 137 (19) | Stage 1 68; Stage 2 16; Stage 3 16 | 46 (7) |
| Hansrivijit et al. [36] | USA | Retrospective | 283 (168 vs. 115) | 64.1 ± 15.9 | 159 (56.2) | 66 (23.3) | 108 (38.2) | 73 (25.8) | 189 (66.8) | Stage 1 41.8; Stage 2 29.6; Stage 3 28.6 | 89 (31.4) |
| Naser et al. [37] | Bahrain | Retrospective | 353 (185 vs. 168) | 55.8 ± 15.7 | 42 (11.9) | 167 (47.3) | 25 (7.2) | 160 (45.3) | |||
| Teoh et al. [38] | China | Retrospective | 1040 (974 vs. 66) | 38 ± 18 | 560 (53.8) | 81 (7.8) | 144 (13.8) | Stage 1 81.8; Stage 2 4.5; Stage 3 13.6 | 53 (5.1) | ||
| Rahimzadeh et al. [41] | Iran | Retrospective | 516 (322 vs. 194) | 57.6 ± 16.1 | 324 (62.8) | 20 (3.9) | 166 (32.2) | 38 (7.4) | 213 (41.3) | Stage 1 61.9; Stage 2 18; Stage 3 20.1 | 79 (15.3) |
| Doher et al. [8] | Brazil | Retrospective | 201 (100 vs. 101) | 64.0 (52.0–80.0) | 123 (61.2) | 64 (31.8) | 98 (48.8) | Stage 1 42.6; Stage 2 18.8; Stage 3 38.6 | |||
| Kolhe et al. [42] | UK | Retrospective | 1161 (857 vs. 304) | 657(56.6) | 224 (19.3) | 255 (22.0) | 96 (8.3) | ||||
| Dai et al. [12] | China | Retrospective | 492 (456 vs. 36) | 226 (45.93) | 6 (1.22) | 65 (13.21) | 141 (28.66) | Stage 1 72.2; Stage 2 5.6; Stage 3 22.2 | |||
| Hirsch et al. [14] | USA | Retrospective | 5449 (3456 vs. 1993) | 64.0 (52.0- 75.0) | 3317 (60.9) | 1797 (33.0) | 296 (5.4) | 3037 (55.7) | Stage 1 46.5; Stage 2 22.4; Stage 3 31.1 | 1395 (25.6) | |
| Louis et al. [18] | France | Observational cohort | 181 (101 vs. 80) | 127 (70%) | 13 (7.2%) | 54 (30%) | 22 (12%) | 132 (73%) | Stage 1 33.8; Stage 2 13.8; Stage 3 52.5 | ||
| Lim, et al. [19] | Korea | Retrospective | 130 (105 vs. 25) | 67.0 (57.0–78.0) | 70 (53.8) | 12 (9.2) | 33 (25.4) | 52 (40.0) | 38 (29.2) | ||
| Kang et al. [20] | Korea | Retrospective | 7341 (7314 vs. 27) | 47.1 ± 19.0 | 4,371 (59.5) | 1230 (16.8) | 1676 (22.8) | 1572 (21.4) | |||
| Hamilton et al. [22] | UK | Retrospective | 1032 (822 vs. 210) | 71 (56–83) | 569 (55.1) | 259 (25.1) | Stage 1 58; Stage 2 18; Stage 3 24 | ||||
| Pelayo et al. [24] | USA | Retrospective | 223 (113 vs. 110) | 115 (51.6) | 39 (17.5) | 104 (46.6) | 27 (12.1) | 180 (80.7) | |||
| Wang et al. [29] | China | Retrospective multicenter | 275 (139 vs. 136) | 69 (62–77) | 161 (58.4) | 16 (5.8) | 62 (22.5) | 37 (13.5) | 150 (54.5) | Stage 1 33.8; Stage 2 22.1; Stage 3 44.1 | |
| Nimkar et al. [30] | USA | Retrospective | 327 (148 vs. 179) | 71 (59-82) | 182 (55.7) | 40 (12.2) | 139 (42.5) | 44 (13.5) | 209 (63.9) | Stage 1 21.1; Stage 2 12.8; Stage 3 20.8 | |
| Sang et al. [39] | China | Retrospective | 210 (118 vs. 92) | 64 (56–71) | 131 (62.4) | 10 (4.8) | 44 (21.0) | 5 (2.4) | 98 (46.7) | Stage 1 14.1; Stage 2 16.3; Stage 3 69.6 | |
| Cheng et al. [40] | China | Retrospective | 1392 (1293 vs. 99) | 63 (50–71) | 711 (51) | 21 (2) | 241 (17) | 77 (6) | 499 (36) | Stage 1 42.4; Stage 2 22.2; Stage 3 35.4 | 140 (10) |
Note: DM: diabetes mellitus; CKD: chronic kidney disease; HTN: hypertension; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; KDIGO: kidney disease: improving global outcomes; ICU: intensive care unit; AKI: acute kidney injury.