Table 3.

Vaccine candidates based on rabies virus vector

Pathogens	Design strategy	Stage	Results	Advantages	Overall concerns	Reference
Ebola virus	BNSP333-GP	NHPs	100% protection	\	Poor NAbs; safety concern	131,132,458,533
	INACBNSP333-GP	NHPs	50% protection	Safe	Poor NAbs	133
	INACBNSP333 co (EBOV + SUDV + MARV) GP	NHPs	100% protection	Safe; immunogenic; high titer of NAbs	\	134
	rERAG333E-(EBOV + SUDV) GP	Dogs	NAbs and specific Abs	Long-term protection (1 year); oral delivery	Safety concern	335,336
Marburg virus	INACBNSP333-coGPC	Mice	100% protection	Safe	Poor NAbs	128
Lassa virus	BNSP333-coGPC	Guinea pigs	40% protection	\	Poor binding IgGs	129
	BNSPΔG-coGPC	Mice	\	\	Poor binding IgGs
	INACBNSP333-coGPC	Guinea pigs	80% protection	Safe	No NAbs
RVFV	rSRV9-eGn	Mice	\	Safe	Poor NAbs	135,136
MERS-CoV	INACBNSP333-S1	Mice	100% protection	High titer of NAbs; safe	\	139
	RVΔP-S1	Mice	NAbs	Safe	\	534
	INACrSRV9-S1	Mice	\	Earlier humoral and cellular immunity	\	145
SARS-CoV	pSPBN-333-S	Mice	Binding Abs and NAbs	\	\	137
SARS-CoV-2	BNSP333-S1	Golden hamsters	NAbs and reduced virus load	Single dose; safe; long-lasting immune response	\	146,147,149
	rSRV9-RBD/S1	Mice, cats and dogs	NAbs against SARS-CoV-2 and RABV	Long-lasting antibody response (4 months); broad-spectrum immune response	\	150
Nipah virus	INACBNSP333-G	Mice	G-specific Abs and NAbs	Cross-protection	\	130
	BNSP333-G	Mice	G-specific Abs and NAbs	\	\
	rERAG333E-G/F	Mice and Pigs	G/F-specific Abs and NAbs	Oral delivery	\	338
Hendra virus	BNSP333-coG	Mice	G-specific Abs and NAbs	\	Poor G-specific Abs	126
	INACBNSP333-coG	Mice	G-specific Abs and NAbs	More immunogenic than RABV vector-based live vaccines	\

RVFV Rift Valley fever virus, MERS-CoV Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, SARS-CoV severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, NHPs nonhuman primates, Abs antibodies, NAbs neutralizing antibodies