TABLE 2.
Intervention characteristics of included studies.
| Reference | Frequency (F) | Volume (V) | Supervision (S) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intensity (I) | Progression (P) | Place of exercise program (PEP) | |
| Time (TM) | Intervention duration (ID) | Control group (CG) | |
| Type (TP) | Attendance (A) | Other characteristics (OC) | |
| Hartman et al. (2009) | F: 1/6W (educational sessions), 7/W (functionality maintenance EX) and 2/D (stretching and jumping EX)I: -TM: -TP: Education regarding possible motor problems resulting from chemotherapy, EX to maintain hand and leg function and stretching EX to maintain ankle dorsiflexion mobility and short-burst high-intensity EX to prevent reduction in BMD | V: -P: -ID: 2 yearsA: - | S: No (it was only supervised by their parents)PEP: HomeCG: Standard care for the CG included neither an initial session nor any prescheduled follow-up sessions with the hospital-based physiotherapistOC: Parents were supplied with an EX list, enabling them to select EX most appropriate for their child’s age and also to vary EX |
| Müller et al. (2014) | F: During hospital stays: preferably every second day. However, patients had the opportunity to work-out on a daily basis, except for the weekendsI: Moderate to vigorous (according to Borg’s ratings of perceived exertion of 13–16)TM: 15–45 MinTP: RT | V: 1–3 sets x 6–12 repsP: -ID: 6 MA: Patients participated in 34.5 ± 8 training sessions on average, corresponding to an adherence rate of 77%, based on the recommendation of training every other day | S: YesPEP: -CG: Received standard physiotherapeutic treatment based on their disability and as prescribed by the attending physician daily on workdays and included mobilization techniques of 20–30 Min durationOC: All patients received the same standard physiotherapeutic treatment than the CG. Additionally, sports games like football, basketball or table tennis were offered especially for younger children who could hardly be encouraged for the structured workouts |
| Cox et al. (2018) | F: 2/W (1st W—4th W), 1/W (5th W—8th W) and 1/M (9th W—135th W)I: -TM: -TP: Supporting motivation sessions about relatedness, competency, and autonomy | V: -P: NoID: 2.5 yearsA: There were no differences between the groups relative to APN (p = 0.12) missed appointments (intervention, missed APN visits, mean = 4.39, SD = 5.41; usual care, missed APN visits, mean = 2.49, SD = 3.60 | S: No (it could have been supervised by their parents)PEP: HomeCG: Usual-care attention control (advanced practice nurse inquired in a neutral manner on the same schedule as for the intervention group)OC: It was emphasized the volitional nature of participation in the program and avoided coercive language) |
| Waked and Albenasy (2018) | F: 2/W (1st-6th M), 1/W (7st-12th M) | V: - | S: Yes |
| I: Light to moderate (according to Borg’s ratings of perceived exertion of 3–6 out of 10) | P: Progression of EX for each patient depended on patient tolerance | PEP: - | |
| TM: 30–45 Min | ID: 12 M | CG: Each patient in CG was advised to be active as much as possible | |
| TP: Mixed-modality EX program: 1) AE such as walking or stationary cycling 2) RT using resistance bands 3) Flexibility training such as static stretching |
A: - | OC: Necessary written instructions and tools such as resistance bands for prescribed EX were given to each child | |
| Dubnov-Raz et al. (2015) | F: 3/W | V: - | S: No |
| I: Moderate | P: - | PEP: Go-Active gym chain in Israel | |
| TM: 55–60 MinTP: Strength and endurance EX using bands, balls, games, free-weights and various EX machines in the gym | ID: 6 MA: - | CG: They were asked to continue with their usual lifestyle habitsOC: Adherence to the program was verified by telephone calls to the participants every two W and by periodic visits to the EG | |
| Braam et al. (2018) | F: 2/W | V: - | S: Yes |
| I: 66%–77% of HRpeak (1st W—4th W), 77%–90% of HRpeak (5th W—8th W) and 90%–100% of HRpeak (9th W—12th W) | P: The intensity of the physical EX training program gradually increased | PEP: Local physical therapy practice | |
| TM: 45 MinTP: AE and weight-bearing EX performed in a circuit training-setting with balls, hoops, and running activities | ID: 12 WA: The median adherence was 24 sessions (interquartile range (IQR): 20–24). 20 out of 30 children (67%) attended all physical EX training sessions within 12–16 W. 13% dropped-out mainly due to recurrence of the disease (7/9) | CG: Usual care according to local guidelines and preferencesOC: 10 children (33%) performed some of the EX at a lower heart rate than described | |
| F: At least 3/W (7th W—12th W) | V: - | S: No | |
| I: High intensity | P: No | PEP: Home | |
| TM: 11 Min | ID: 6 W (from 7th W) | CG: Usual care according to local guidelines and preferences | |
| TP: Weight-bearing EX | A: - | OC: N | |
| F: 1/W I: -TM: 60 Min TP: Psycho-education and cognitive-behavioral techniques including items on expression of feelings, self-perception and coping skills |
V: -P: Yes | S: Yes PEP: - CG: Usual care according to local guidelines and preferences OC: After each individual session home EX on the topic of this specific session could be given to the patient if the psychologist considered it necessary |
|
| ID: 12 W | |||
| A: The psychosocial training intervention was completed by 27 children (90%) | |||
| Mogil et al. (2016) | F: Twice daily | V: - | S: No |
| I: The mechanical signal (0.3 g at 32–37 Hz) produced a subtle, sinusoidal, vertical translation less than 100 μm via a linear electromagnetic actuator | P: -ID: 1 year | PEP: HomeCG: The placebo group stood on a device identical in appearance to the active platform. The placebo device emitted a 500-Hz audible hum but did not deliver the signal | |
| TM: 10 MinTP: Standing on an active platform | A: Median (interquartile range) values of 70.1% (35.4%–91.5%) in the intervention and 63.7% (33.3%–86.5%) in the placebo group (p = .40) | OC: Received calcium (800–1200 mg/d) and vitamin D supplements (cholecalciferol, 400 IU/d) | |
| Elnaggar and Mohamed (2021) | F: 3/W I: Weight-bearing TM: 45 Min TP: Lower-body plyometric EX program |
V: 10 lower-body Aqua-PLYO EX: 1st W—4th W: from 1 set x 4 reps to 3 sets x 10 reps 5th W—8th W: from 1 set x 15 reps to 3 sets x 15 reps 9th W—12th W: from 2 sets x 10 reps to 5 sets x 10 reps P: The training volume or intensity was increased as the W progressed in three blocks (specifically, every 4 W) ID: 12 W A: The median and interquartile range (IQR) of adherence-to-treatment was 91.67% (IQR 91.67% and 95.83%) in the Aqua-PLYO group and 95.83% (IQR 95.83% and 100%) in the CG |
S: Yes PEP: 3 × 4 m water pool CG: Usual physical therapy OC: The water depth was waist-leveled, and the room and water temperature were regulated at 26°C–28°C and 30°C–31°C, respectively |
Abbreviations: AE, aerobic exercise; EX, exercise; EG, exercise group; HRpeak, Heart Rate Peak; IQR, interquartile range; M, Month(s); D, day; Min, Minutes; “-”, not reported; RT, resistance training; SD, standard deviation; W, week.