Table 4.
Patient, tumor and procedural characteristics of all minimally invasive liver resections
| Characteristics | MIS liver resections N = 309 |
Laparoscopic N = 198 |
Robotic N = 111 |
P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years, median [IQR] | 61 (48–70) | 61 (47–69) | 61 (50–71) | 0.227 |
| Male, n (%) | 174 (56.3) | 114 (57.6) | 60 (54.1) | 0.549 |
| ASA score | 0.004 | |||
| ASA 1–2 | 231 (75.0) | 159 (80.3) | 72 (65.5) | |
| ASA 3–4 | 77 (25.0) | 39 (19.7) | 38 (34.5) | |
| BMI, kg/m2, median [IQR] | 25.5 (23.0–29.4) | 25.4 (22.9–29.3) | 25.7 (23.1–29.6) | 0.854 |
| Neoadjuvant chemotherapy, n (%) | 61 (19.7) | 26 (13.1) | 35 (31.5) | < 0.001 |
| Cirrhosis (%) | 30 (9.7) | 23 (11.6) | 7 (6.3) | 0.130 |
| Previous extrahepatic abdominal surgery (%) | 126 (40.8) | 61 (30.8) | 65 (58.6) | < 0.001 |
| Previous liver surgery (%) | 25 (8.1) | 17 (8.6) | 8 (7.2) | 0.670 |
| Tumor characteristics | ||||
| Histological diagnosis | 0.014 | |||
| CRLM (%) | 144 (46.6) | 85 (42.9) | 59 (53.2) | |
| HCC (%) | 49 (15.9) | 37 (18.7) | 12 (10.8) | |
| Cholangiocarcinoma (%) | 10 (3.2) | 7 (3.5) | 3 (2.7) | |
| Gallbladder carcinoma | 5 (1.6) | 0 | 5 (4.5) | |
| Non-CRLM (%) | 11 (3.6) | 7 (3.5) | 4 (3.6) | |
| Benign (%) | 90 (29.1) | 62 (31.3) | 28 (25.2) | |
| Number of lesions, median (IQR) | 1 (1–2) | 1 (1–2) | 1 (1–2) | 0.087 |
| Size of largest lesion, mm, median (IQR) | 30 (18–48) | 27 (18–52) | 31 (15–41) | 0.531 |
| Procedure characteristics | ||||
| Type of resection | < 0.001 | |||
| Minor (%) | 217 (70.2) | 156 (78.8) | 61 (55.0) | |
| Technically major | 68 (22.0) | 26 (13.1) | 42 (37.8) | |
| Anatomically major (%) | 24 (7.8) | 16 (8.1) | 8 (7.2) | |
| Extent of resection | < 0.001 | |||
| Anterior/left lateral segments (2,3,4b,5,6) | ||||
| Wedge (%) | 113 (36.6) | 76 (38.4) | 37 (33.3) | |
| Segmentectomy (%) | 59 (19.1) | 53 (26.8) | 6 (5.4) | |
| Bisegmentectomy (%) | 45 (14.6) | 27 (13.6) | 18 (16.2) | |
| Posterior/superior segments (4a,7,8,1) | ||||
| Wedge (%) | 46 (14.9) | 19 (9.6) | 27 (24.3) | |
| Segmentectomy (%) | 11 (3.6) | 2 (1.0) | 9 (8.1) | |
| Bisegmentectomy (%) | 11 (3.6) | 5 (2.5) | 6 (5.4) | |
| Anatomically Major | ||||
| Left hemihepatectomy (%) | 8 (2.6) | 3 (1.5) | 5 (4.5) | |
| Right hemihepatectomy (%) | 13 (4.2) | 10 (5.1) | 3 (2.7) | |
| Extended left hemihepatectomy (%) | 1 (0.3) | 1 (0.5) | 0 | |
| Other anatomically major | 2 (0.6) | 2 (1.0) | 0 |
Bold values indicate statistical significance (p < 0.05)
Values in parentheses are percentages unless mentioned otherwise. Percentages may not add up due to rounding and missing data
MILS minimally invasive liver surgery, IQR inter quartile range, BMI body mass index, ASA American Society of Anaesthesiology, CRLM colorectal liver metastasis, HCC hepatocellular carcinoma