Table 1. Changes in Anthropometrics, Metabolic Health Indicators, Steroid Hormones, and Immune Parameters in Response to Combined Lifestyle Intervention a.
| Variables | N | Baseline | Ten Weeks | 1.5 Years | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (No. (%) female) | 96 | 73 (76.0) | |||
| Age (y) | 96 | 42 ± 13 | |||
| Ethnicity (Caucasian) | 93 | 81 (84.4) | |||
| Metabolic syndrome | 67 | 44 (65.7) | 42(62.7) | 38 (56.7) | |
| Type 2 diabetes | 90 | 20 (22.2) | 19 (21.1) | 18 (20.0) | |
| Anthropometrics | |||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 96 | 39.9 ± 5.7 | 38.1 ± 5.5 b | 37.9 ± 6.1 b | |
| Weight (kg) | 96 | 117.6 ± 19.3 | 112.2 ± 18.5 b | 111.6 ± 19.8 b | |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 94 | 114 ± 15 | 108 ± 14 b | 107 ± 16 b | |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 35 | 133 ± 12 | 132 ± 14 | 138 ± 14 | |
| Cardiometabolic parameters | |||||
| Insulin (pmol/L) | 69 | 140 (87 - 216) | 108 (76 - 154) c | 109 (69 - 156) b | < 100 d |
| Hba1c (mmol/L) | 92 | 37 (36 - 40) | 37 (34 - 39) c | 37 (34 - 40) b | < 42 d |
| Blood glucose (mmol/L) | 89 | 5.3 (5.0 - 6.2) | 5.2 (4.9 - 5.8) e | 5.4 (5.0 - 5.9) f | 10 - 70 (men), 20 - 120 (women) d |
| HOMA-IR | 69 | 5.03 (3.12 - 7.81) | 3.87 (2.37 - 5.16) b | 4.15 (2.38 - 5.96) b | < 2.9 (men), < 1.7 (women) d |
| SHBG (nmol/L) | 80 | 30.7 (21.8 - 44.6) | 36.2 (24.5 - 55.5) b | 36.7 (25.1 - 53.2) b | age- and sex-specific d |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 88 | 1.41 (0.97 - 2.02) | 1.20 (0.90 - 1.64) e | 1.23 (0.83 - 1.61) c | age- and sex-specific d |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 87 | 1.28 (1.07 - 1.46) | 1.20 (1.04 - 1.37) e | 1.33 (1.15 - 1.54) e, g | < 35 (men) < 31 (women) d |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 87 | 3.37 ± 0.91 | 3.12 ± 0.85 b | 3.21 ± 0.88 c | < 55 (men), < 38 (women) d |
| ALT (U/L) | 91 | 26 (20 - 36) | 24 (19 - 33) e | 23 (17 - 31) c | < 42 d |
| AST (U/L) | 93 | 24 (19 - 30) | 22 (19 - 27) | 21 (19 - 26) e | 10 - 70 (men), 20 - 120 (women) d |
| Gamma-GT (U/L) | 93 | 28 (21 - 45) | 24 (18 - 37) b | 23 (18 - 40) c | < 2.9 (men), < 1.7 (women) d |
| Thyroid function | |||||
| TSH (mU/L) | 80 | 2.00 (1.54 - 2.77) | 1.86 (1.45 - 2.73) | 2.08 (1.41 - 2.95) | 0.56 - 4.27 d |
| FT4 (pmol/L) | 78 | 16.0 ± 2.6 | 15.6 ± 2.4 | 16.4 ± 2.5 f | 14.0 - 29.0 d |
| Body composition | |||||
| Fat mass (kg) | 37 | 58.05 ± 11.74 | 53.63 ± 10.78 b | 52.12 ± 11.20 b | |
| Fat-free mass (kg) | 35 | 56.79 (51.18 - 69.17) | 56.04 (51.32 - 68.18) | 56.04 (51.18 - 67.54) | |
| Body fat (%) | 37 | 48.95 ± 5.15 | 47.25 ± 5.29 b | 46.55 ± 5.68 b | |
| Android fat (% fat) | 37 | 57.75 ± 5.49 | 55.86 ± 6.25 c | 54.73 ± 6.34 b | |
| Gynoid fat (% fat) | 37 | 51.43 ± 5.90 | 49.14 ± 6.45 b | 48.51 ± 6.67 b | |
| Android/gynoid ratio | 35 | 1.13 ± 0.12 | 1.14 ± 0.14 | 1.14 ± 0.13 | |
| Steroid hormones | |||||
| Blood cortisol (nmol/L) | 17 | 354.3 (273.9 - 407.4) | 364.0 (268.2 - 417.0) | 345.6 (256.1 - 411.9) | 200 - 700 d |
| DHEAS (umol/L) | 39 | 3.00 (1.64 - 5.22) | 2.70 (1.80 - 4.55) | 2.91 (1.58 - 5.60) | |
| Testosterone (nmol/L) | |||||
| Men | 18 | 9.80 ± 2.44 | 11.59 ± 2.73 | 12.10 ± 4.17 e | 9.2 - 30 d |
| Women | 30 | 0.80 (0.59 - 1.10) | 0.90 (0.48 - 1.50) | 0.82 (0.53 - 1.05) | 0.2 - 2.0 d |
| Free testosterone (pmol/L) | |||||
| Men | 17 | 213.97 (180.76 - 280.67) | 260.25 (226.84 - 283.76) | 251.70 (214.36 - 296.81) | 245 - 785 d |
| Women | 27 | 12.02 (8.42 - 20.11) | 12.01 (8.22 - 18.57) | 10.22 (7.91 - 16.29) | |
| Immune parameters | |||||
| MCP1 (pg/mL) | 39 | 316.1 ± 121.7 | 313.1 ± 109.0 | 300.2 ± 100.6 | |
| IL-1ra (pg/mL) | 39 | 832.8 (569.6 - 1251.0) | 890.9 (620.2 - 1414.0) | 592.3 (401.2 - 867.3) c, g | |
| CCL19 (pg/mL) | 39 | 66.0 (54.0 - 86.0) | 66.3 (56.8 - 93.0) | 63.4 (47.6 - 100.4) | |
| VEGF (pg/mL) | 39 | 131.1 (94.0 - 200.0) | 129.7 (93.3 - 176.8) | 121.4 (82.0 - 185.9) c | |
| sIL-2R (pg/mL) | 39 | 4385 (3244 - 6528) | 4304 (2678 - 6079) | 3906 (2906 - 5551) b | |
| sMR (pg/mL) | 39 | 180.5 ± 117.9 | 167.1 ± 105.0 | 144.6 ± 93.6 e | |
| sCD163 (pg/mL) | 39 | 1207.2 (1008.1 - 1491.3) | 1135.9 (937.3 - 1340.1) e | 1082.5 (935.1 - 1447.7) |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance; SHBG, sex-hormone binding globulin; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; Gamma-GT, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase; TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone; FT4, free thyroxine; DHEAS, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate; MCP1 monocyte chemoattractant protein 1; IL-1ra, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist; CCL19, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 19; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; sIL-2R, Soluble IL-2 receptor; sMR, soluble mannose receptor; sCD163, soluble CD163.
a Values are expressed as No. (%), mean ± standard deviation or median (interquartile range).
b Significant difference compared to baseline at P < 0.001
c Significant difference to baseline at P < 0.01
d Reference values used for clinical diagnostics in the Erasmus MC, Rotterdam.
e Significant difference to baseline at P < 0.05.
f Significant difference to 10 weeks at P < 0.01.
gSignificant difference to 10 weeks at P < 0.001" after "f Significant difference to 10 weeks at P < 0.01.