Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of BS and Non-BS Group Patients With Obesity and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.
| Characteristic | Patients, No. (%) | Standard mean difference | |
|---|---|---|---|
| BS (n = 4687) | Non-BS (n = 4687) | ||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 44.8 (11.6) | 44.7 (13.2) | 0.0040 |
| Sex | |||
| Female | 3822 (81.5) | 3883 (82.8) | 0.0340 |
| Male | 865 (18.5) | 804 (17.2) | |
| Race and ethnicity | |||
| Hispanic or Latino | 419 (8.9) | 398 (8.4) | 0.0159 |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 725 (15.4) | 751 (16.0) | 0.0152 |
| Non-Hispanic White | 3409 (72.7) | 3431 (73.2) | 0.0106 |
| Non-Hispanic othera | 498 (10.6) | 460 (9.8) | 0.0268 |
| BMI, mean (SD) | 43.4 (4.97) | 42.2 (5.26) | 0.2379b |
| Nicotine dependence | 692 (14.7) | 638 (13.6) | 0.0330 |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Type 2 diabetes | 1626 (34.6) | 1592 (33.9) | 0.0153 |
| Hypertension | 2732 (58.2) | 2704 (57.6) | 0.0121 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 1880 (40.1) | 1842 (39.3) | 0.0166 |
| Obstructive sleep apnea | 2407 (51.3) | 2320 (49.4) | 0.0371 |
| Atrial fibrillation and flutter | 139 (2.9) | 137 (2.9) | 0.0025 |
| Chronic lower respiratory diseases | 1538 (32.8) | 1558 (33.2) | 0.0091 |
| Blood pressure, mean (SD), mm Hg | |||
| Systolic | 132 (16.7) | 129 (16.0) | 0.1964b |
| Diastolic | 78.3 (10.4) | 78.2 (11.0) | 0.0079 |
| HbA1c, % | 6.15 (1.22) | 6.48 (1.65) | 0.2253b |
| Liver function panel, mean (SD) | |||
| ALT, U/L | 35.4 (31.5) | 39.0 (37.8) | 0.1042b |
| AST, U/L | 27.8 (22.1) | 30.1 (26.0) | 0.0964 |
| ALP, U/L | 84.6 (27.9) | 86.9 (34) | 0.0767 |
| Total bilirubin, mg/dL | 0.469 (0.248) | 0.49 (0.487) | 0.0553 |
| Albumin, g/dL | 4.1 (0.394) | 4.0 (0.485) | 0.2208 |
| Protein, g/dL | 7.19 (0.597) | 7.19 (0.599) | 0.0072 |
| Blood counts, mean (SD) | |||
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 13.4 (1.49) | 13.2 (1.71) | 0.0974 |
| Platelets, ×103/µL | 281 (72) | 275 (73.4) | 0.0807 |
| Kidney function, mean (SD) | |||
| Creatine, mg/dL | 0.86 (0.46) | 0.86 (1.18) | 0.0002 |
| BUN, mg/dL | 14.4 (6.44) | 13.6 (5.98) | 0.1264b |
| Lipid panel, mean (SD) | |||
| Cholesterol, mg/dL | 180 (39.2) | 181 (40.9) | 0.0452 |
| Triglyceride, mg/dL | 163 (117) | 168 (134) | 0.0381 |
| HDL, mg/dL | 45.5 (12.3) | 45.1 (12.5) | 0.0287 |
| LDL, mg/dL | 103 (33.0) | 105 (33.8) | 0.0390 |
| Coagulation profile, mean (SD) | |||
| PT, s | 12.5 (4.34) | 12.6 (4.08) | 0.0355 |
| INR | 1.12 (0.688) | 1.18 (2.02) | 0.0386 |
| Medications | |||
| Cardiovascular | |||
| Antiarrhythmics | 2164 (46.1) | 2104 (44.8) | 0.0257 |
| β-Blockers | 1227 (26.1) | 1155 (24.6) | 0.0353 |
| Antilipemic agents | 1236 (26.3) | 1161 (24.7) | 0.0367 |
| ACE inhibitors | 1071 (22.8) | 949 (20.2) | 0.0633 |
| Angiotensin-II inhibitor | 614 (13.1) | 585 (12.4) | 0.0185 |
| Antihypertensives | 509 (10.8) | 480 (10.2) | 0.0201 |
| Antidiabetic | |||
| Oral hypoglycemic agents | 1219 (26.0) | 1239 (26.4) | 0.0097 |
| Insulin | 666 (14.2) | 760 (16.2) | 0.0559 |
| Supplements | |||
| Vitamin D | 1539 (32.8) | 1103 (23.5) | 0.2079b |
| Vitamin E | 195 (4.1) | 129 (2.7) | 0.0771 |
Abbreviations: ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; ALT, alanine aminotransferases; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); BS, bariatric surgery; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; INR, international normalized ratio; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; PT, prothrombin time.
SI conversion factors: To convert albumin to grams per liter, multiply by 10; ALP, ALT, and AST to microkatals per liter, multiply by 0.0167; BUN to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.357; cholesterol measures to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.0259; creatine to micromoles per liter, multiply by 76.25; HbA1c to proportion of total hemoglobin, multiply by 0.01; hemoglobin to grams per liter, multiply by 10; platelets to ×109/L, multiply by 1; protein to grams per liter, multiply by 10; total bilirubin to micromoles per liter, multiply by 17.104; triglyceride to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.0113.
In race, others were defined as combined categories of Asian, American Indian or Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian, or other Pacific Islander.
Represents a standard difference of more than 0.1.