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. 2023 Apr 3;18:447–457. doi: 10.2147/COPD.S393540

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© 2023 Arezina et al.

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Schematic graph for conventional and complementary and alternative therapies treatment of COPD. Current pharmacological therapies for COPD contains short and long-acting β2-agonist, muscarinic antagonists and inhaled corticosteroids. Combination of two or three of them is commonly used in clinical practice. Nicotine replacement, oxygen therapy, pulmonary rehabilitation and non-invasive ventilation are main non-pharmacological therapies. There are complementary and alternative therapies, such as the use of PDE3/PDE4 inhibitors, RNA targeted drugs and Chinese medicine.

Abbreviations: SABA, short-acting beta2-agonist; SAMA, short-acting muscarinic antagonists; LABA, long-acting β2-agonist; LAMA, long-acting muscarinic antagonist; ICS, inhaled corticosteroid.