TABLE 2.
Cox regression for inpatient mortality.
| Cox regression | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|||||
| Hazard ratio | p Value | 95% CI | |||
| Frailty risk | |||||
| Low | 1.00 | ||||
| Intermediate | 4.10 | 0.000 | [3.91–4.31] | ||
| High | 2.56 | 0.000 | [2.33–2.82] | ||
| PCI | |||||
| Medical management | 1.00 | ||||
| Percutaneous coronary intervention | 0.48 | 0.000 | [0.45–0.52] | ||
| Intervention within 24 h | 1.25 | 0.000 | [1.16–1.35] | ||
| Hospital rank by procedure volume (quintile) | |||||
| 1st | 1.00 | ||||
| 2nd | 1.08 | 0.320 | [0.93–1.25] | ||
| 3rd | 1.05 | 0.488 | [0.91–1.22] | ||
| 4th | 1.00 | 0.947 | [0.86–1.15] | ||
| 5th | 1.01 | 0.850 | [0.87–1.18] | ||
| Age over 75 years | 1.54 | 0.000 | [1.48–1.60] | ||
| Female (sex) | 1.08 | 0.000 | [1.05–1.12] | ||
| Calendar year | |||||
| 2016 | 1.00 | ||||
| 2017 | 0.96 | 0.132 | [0.91–1.01] | ||
| 2018 | 0.97 | 0.274 | [0.92–1.02] | ||
| 2019 | 0.94 | 0.027 | [0.89–0.99] | ||
| Insurance carrier, cleaned | |||||
| Medicare | 1.00 | ||||
| Medicaid | 0.73 | 0.000 | [0.68–0.77] | ||
| Private insurance | 0.73 | 0.000 | [0.70–0.77] | ||
| Self-pay | 1.07 | 0.119 | [0.98–1.16] | ||
| Median household income national quartile for patient ZIP code | |||||
| 0–25th percentile | 1.00 | ||||
| 26th–50th percentile (median) | 1.02 | 0.386 | [0.98–1.07] | ||
| 51st–75th percentile | 0.95 | 0.050 | [0.91–1.00] | ||
| 76th–100th percentile | 0.98 | 0.415 | [0.93–1.03] | ||
| Bed size of hospital | |||||
| Small | 1.00 | ||||
| Medium | 1.04 | 0.244 | [0.97–1.11] | ||
| Large | 1.03 | 0.394 | [0.96–1.10] | ||
| Hospital urban-rural designation | |||||
| Large metropolitan areas with at least 1 million residents | 1.00 | ||||
| Small metropolitan areas with less than 1 million residents | 1.10 | 0.013 | [1.02–1.18] | ||
| Micropolitan areas | 1.07 | 0.250 | [0.95–1.20] | ||
| Not metropolitan or micropolitan (nonurban residual) | 1.01 | 0.953 | [0.69–1.49] | ||
| Teaching status of urban hospitals | |||||
| Metropolitan nonteaching | 1.00 | ||||
| Metropolitan teaching | 1.00 | 0.932 | [0.95–1.05] | ||
| Nonmetropolitan hospital | 1.00 | ||||
| Patient location: NCHS urban-rural code | |||||
| Central counties of metro areas of ≥1 million population | 1.00 | ||||
| Fringe counties of metro areas of ≥1 million population | 0.93 | 0.002 | [0.88–0.97] | ||
| Counties in metro areas of 250,000–999,999 population | 0.96 | 0.319 | [0.89–1.04] | ||
| Counties in metro areas of 50,000–249,999 population | 1.01 | 0.766 | [0.93–1.11] | ||
| Micropolitan counties | 1.01 | 0.763 | [0.93–1.10] | ||
| Not metropolitan or micropolitan counties | 0.99 | 0.860 | [0.90–1.10] | ||
| Admission day is a weekend | 1.03 | 0.080 | [1.00–1.07] | ||
| Congestive heart failure | 0.86 | 0.000 | [0.83–0.89] | ||
| Cardiac arrhythmias | 1.63 | 0.000 | [1.57–1.69] | ||
| Valvular disease | 0.97 | 0.242 | [0.93–1.02] | ||
| Renal failure | 0.96 | 0.041 | [0.92–1.00] | ||
| Diabetes | 1.17 | 0.000 | [1.13–1.21] | ||
| Hypertension | 0.83 | 0.000 | [0.80–0.86] | ||
| Dyslipidemia | 0.64 | 0.000 | [0.62–0.66] | ||
| History of smoking | 0.85 | 0.000 | [0.82–0.88] | ||
| History of PCI | 0.95 | 0.543 | [0.81–1.11] | ||
| History of CABG | 1.14 | 0.000 | [1.06–1.22] | ||
| History of carotid artery occlusion | 0.66 | 0.000 | [0.58–0.76] | ||
| History of chronic ischemic heart disease | 0.65 | 0.000 | [0.62–0.68] | ||
| History of myocardial infarction | 1.00 | 0.904 | [0.95–1.06] | ||
Note: Cox proportional hazard regression analysis for inpatient mortality.
Abbreviations: CI, confidence intervals; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention.