FIGURE 4.

Summary of findings of the associations related to abnormal body composition and clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19. Image represents different body compartments (muscle and adipose tissue). Prevalence of body composition abnormalities in each compartment is represented with a color box. The same colors are used to show the positive and inverse associations between body composition abnormalities and clinical outcomes across the 4 main outcomes (that is, mortality, length of hospital stay, mechanical ventilation/disease severity, and ICU admission). Either positive or inverse associations are shown for low muscle mass and its related compartments (for example, FFM, lean soft tissue; red boxes), low muscle radiodensity (green boxes), high adipose tissue (yellow boxes), low phase angle (blue boxes), and high muscle echo intensity. Please refer to Supplemental Figure 1 for specific findings by each adipose tissue compartment. Remaining percentages in each box represent unrelated/mixed findings or associations in the opposite direction. Some associations evaluated >1 body composition compartment, and therefore, data presentation is reflected by that (that is, total number of studies reporting the relationship is higher than the absolute number of studies included in the review). ED, emergency department; HW, hospital ward; ICU, intensive care unit; PhA, phase angle; SAT, subcutaneous adipose tissue; US, ultrasound; VAT, visceral adipose tissue.