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. 2023 Mar 9;15(3):e35958. doi: 10.7759/cureus.35958

Table 2. Cochrane risk of bias assessment.

Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment
Author Title Random Sequence Generation Allocation Concealment Blinding of Outcome Assessment Incomplete Outcome Data Selective Reporting Citation
Agostinho Cucumis melo pectin as potential candidate to control herpes simplex virus infection Low Unclear Unclear Low Unclear [123]
Al-Salahi Molecular docking study and antiviral evaluation of2-thioxo-benzo[g]quinazolin-4(3H)-one derivatives Low Unclear Unclear Low Unclear [10]
Alvarez Cetylpyridinium chloride blocks herpes simplex virus replication in gingival fibroblasts Low Unclear Unclear Low Unclear [104]
Andrei The Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Drug Tenofovir, a Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor, Also Targets the Herpes Simplex Virus DNA Polymerase Low Unclear Unclear Low Unclear [49]
Andronova Study of Antiherpetic Efficiency of Phosphite of Acycloguanosine Able to Overcome the Barrier of Resistance to Acyclovir Unclear Unclear Unclear Unclear Unclear [13]
 Arunkumar Study on antiviral activities, drug-likeness and molecular docking of bioactive compounds of Punica granatum L. to Herpes simplex virus - 2(HSV-2) Low Unclear Unclear Low Unclear [52]
Awad Synthesis and Evaluation of Some Uracil Nucleosides as Promising Anti-Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Agents Low Unclear Unclear Low Unclear [111]
Barboza In vitro effects of bufotenine against RNA and DNA viruses Low Unclear Unclear Low Unclear [126]
Bauer Antibody-based immunotherapy of aciclovir resistant ocular herpes simplex virus infections Unclear Unclear Unclear Unclear Unclear [27]
Ben-Amor Phytochemical Characterization of Olea europea Leaf Extracts and Assessment of Their Anti-Microbial and Anti-HSV-1 Activity Low Unclear Unclear Low Unclear [125]
Benassi-Zanqueta Evaluation of anti-HSV-1 activity and toxicity of hydroethanolic extract of Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Sch.Bip. (Asteraceae) Low Unclear Unclear Low Unclear [64]
Benzekri  Anti HSV-2 activity of Peganum harmala (L.) and isolation of the active compound Low Unclear Unclear Low Unclear [32]
Bereczki Synthesis of Antiviral Perfluoroalkyl Derivatives of Teicoplanin and Vancomycin Low Unclear Unclear Low Unclear [89]
Bhutta Peptide Inhibitor of Complement C1, RLS-0071, Reduces Zosteriform Spread of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Skin Infection and Promotes Survival in Infected Mice Unclear Low Unclear Low Unclear [134]
Bhutta Ginkgolic Acid Inhibits Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Skin Infection and Prevents Zosteriform Spread in Mice Unclear Low Unclear Low Unclear [120]
Bisignano Almond Skin Extracts Abrogate HSV-1 Replication by Blocking Virus Binding to the Cell Low Unclear Unclear Low Unclear [26]
Bonvicini Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. extract inhibits the early step of herpes simplex type 1 and type 2 replication Low Unclear Unclear Low Unclear [44]
Brenner The Molecular Tweezer CLR01 Inhibits Antibody-Resistant Cell-to-Cell Spread of Human Cytomegalovirus Low Low Low Low Unclear [136]
Brezáni Anti-Infectivity against Herpes Simplex Virus and Selected Microbes and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Compounds Isolated from Eucalyptusglobulus Labill Low Unclear Unclear Low Unclear [138]
Cagno In vitro anti-herpes simplex virus-2 activity of Salvia desoleana Atzei &V. Picci essential oil Low Unclear Unclear Low Unclear [31]
Castillo Anti-herpetic Activity of Macrocystis pyrifera and Durvillaea antarctica Algae Extracts Against HSV-1 and HSV-2 Low Low High Low Unclear [110]
Chen Targeting Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Signaling Enhances Type I Interferon-Independent Resistance to Herpes Simplex Virus Low Unclear Unclear Low Unclear [112]
Crameri MxB is an interferon-induced restriction factor of human herpes viruses Low Low Low Low Unclear [53]
Criscuolo Synergy evaluation of anti-Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 and 2 compounds acting on different steps of virus life cycle Low Low Unclear HIgh Low [46]
Čulenová Multiple In vitro biological effects of phenolic compounds from Morus albaroot bark Low Low Unclear Unclear Unclear [85]
D'Aiuto R430: A potent inhibitor of DNA and RNA viruses Low Unclear Unclear Low Unclear [47]
Dai Antiviral Effect of Retro-2.1 against Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 In Vitro Low Unclear Unclear Low Unclear [50]
Dai Antiviral Effects of ABMA against Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 In Vitro and In Vivo Low Unclear Unclear Unclear Unclear [58]
Deback Antiviral effects of Cacicol(®), a heparan sulfate biomimetic for corneal regeneration therapy, for herpes simplex virus type-1 and varicella zoster virus infection Low Unclear Unclear Low Unclear [60]
Derby Griffithsin carrageenan fast dissolving inserts prevent SHIV HSV-2 and HPV infections in vivo Low Low Unclear Unclear Unclear [45]
Deschamps Discovery of Small-Molecule Inhibitors Targeting the E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Activity of the Herpes Simplex Virus 1 ICP0 Protein Using an In Vitro High-Throughput Screening Assay Unclear Low Low Unclear Unclear [82]
Ding T-type calcium channels blockers inhibit HSV-2 infection at the late stage of genome replication Unclear Low Unclear Low Unclear [102]
Ding Cellular Signaling Analysis shows antiviral, ribavirin-mediated ribosomal signaling modulation Low High Unclear Low Unclear [77]
Donalisio The traditional use of Vachellia nilotica for sexually transmitted diseases is substantiated by the antiviral activity of its bark extract against sexually transmitted viruses Low Unclear N/A Low Unclear [39]
Dong The Natural Compound Homoharringtonine Presents Broad Antiviral Activity In Vitro and In Vivo Unclear Low N/A Low Low [62]
Du The antiviral activity of arbidol hydrochloride against herpes simplex virus type II (HSV-2) in a mouse model of vaginitis Unclear Low Low Unclear Unclear [81]
El-Haddad Brincidofovir (CMX-001) for refractory and resistant CMV and HSV infections in immunocompromised cancer patients: A single-center experience Unclear Low Unclear N/A Low [1]
El-Shiekh Novel Antiviral and Antibacterial Activities of Hibiscus schizopetalus Low Unclear Unclear N/A Unclear [101]
Eletskaya Enzymatic synthesis of novel purine nucleosides bearing a chiral benzoxazine fragment Unclear High Low Unclear N/A [76]
Elias In Vitro Analysis of the Antioxidant and Antiviral Activity of Embelin against Herpes Simplex Virus-1 Low Unclear Unclear Low High [122]
Fujimoto Accumulation of a soluble form of human nectin-2 is required for exerting the resistance against herpes simplex virus type 2 infection in transfected cells Unclear Unclear Unclear Low N/A [17]
Fujimoto Evaluation of the antiviral potential of the soluble forms of glycoprotein D receptors on ocular herpes caused by HSV-1 and HSV-2 infections in a transgenic mouse model Low Low High N/A Unclear [73]
Fujimoto Comparison of the antiviral potential among soluble forms of herpes simplex virus type-2 glycoprotein D receptors, herpes virus entry mediator A, nectin-1 and nectin-2, in transgenic mice Low Low High Unclear N/A [28]
García-Serradilla Drug repurposing for new, efficient, broad-spectrum antivirals Low Unclear High Unclear N/A [65]
Ghaffari Inhibition of herpes simplex virus type 1 infection by Sambucus ebulus extract in vitro Low Unclear Low Unclear Unclear [132]
Ghosh Ficus religiosa L. bark extracts inhibit infection by herpes simplex virus type 2 in vitro Low Unclear Unclear Low Low [20]
González-García Antimicrobial Activity of Cyclic-Monomeric and Dimeric Derivatives of the Snail-Derived Peptide Cm-p5 against Viral and Multidrug-Resistant Bacterial Strains Unclear Low Unclear Unclear Low [135]
Greeley Acyclovir, cidofovir, and amenamevir have additive antiviral effects on herpes simplex virus TYPE 1 Unclear Low Low Unclear Unclear [95]
Hopkins In Vitro and In Vivo Activity, Tolerability, and Mechanism of Action of BX795 as an Antiviral against Herpes Simplex Virus 2 Genital Infection Unclear Low Unclear Unclear Low [100]
Hou Antiviral activity of PHA767491 against human herpes simplex virus in vitro and in vivo Low N/A Unclear Low Low [37]
Houston Potentiated virucidal activity of pomegranate rind extract (PRE) and punicalagin against Herpes simplex virus (HSV) when co-administered with zinc (II) ions, and antiviral activity of PRE against HSV and acyclovir-resistant HSV Unclear Low Low Unclear Unclear [30]
Huang Antiviral activity of mitoxantrone dihydrochloride against human herpes simplex virus mediated by suppression of the viral immediate early genes Low Low Unclear N/A Low [86]
Hutterer Inhibitors of dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinases (DYRK) exert a strong anti-herpes viral activity Unclear Low Low Unclear Low [38]
Ibáñez Pharmacological Induction of Heme Oxygenase-1 Impairs Nuclear Accumulation of Herpes Simplex Virus Capsids upon Infection N/A Low High Unclear Low [36]
Ireland Synthetic α-Hydroxytropolones Inhibit Replication of Wild-Type and Acyclovir-Resistant Herpes Simplex Viruses Unclear Low Unclear Low Unclear [9]
Ishimaru MG132 exerts anti-viral activity against HSV-1 by overcoming virus-mediated suppression of the ERK signaling pathway Low Low N/A Unclear Low [99]
Jaishankar An off-target effect of BX795 blocks herpes simplex virus type 1 infection of the eye Low N/A Unclear Low Unclear [56]
Jin Pentagalloyl glucose Blocks the Nuclear Transport and the Process of Nucleocapsid Egress to Inhibit HSV-1 Infection Low Unclear Unclear Low N/A [6]
Jones Modified cyclodextrins as broad-spectrum antivirals Low Low Unclear Unclear Unclear [93]
Kalke Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Clinical Isolates Respond to UL29-Targeted siRNA Swarm Treatment Independent of Their Acyclovir Sensitivity Low Low Unclear Low Unclear [98]
Kannan Anti-herpes virus activity of the carnivorous botanical, Sarraceniapurpurea N/A Low Low Unclear N/A [87]
Karpov [A Plasmid-Expressed CRISPR/Cas9 System Suppresses Replication of HSV Type I in a Vero Cell Culture] High Low Unclear Unclear Low [79]
Katsumata Antiviral efficacy of the helicase-primase inhibitor amenamevir in murine models of severe herpesvirus infection Low Unclear Unclear Unclear Low [43]
Kaushik Antiviral potential and mode of action of Indigofera heterantha against HSV-2 by targeting the early stages of infection Low Unclear Unclear Unclear Low [18]
Kim Quercus acuta Thunb. (Fagaceae) and Its Component, Isoquercitrin, InhibitHSV-1 Replication by Suppressing Virus-Induced ROS Production and NF-κB Activation Low Unclear Unclear Unclear Low [127]
Kim Mori ramulus and its Major Component Morusin Inhibit Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Replication and the Virus-Induced Reactive Oxygen Species Low Unclear Unclear Unclear Low [103]
Kongyingyoes 3,19-isopropylideneandrographolide suppresses early gene expression of drug-resistant and wild type herpes simplex viruses Low Unclear Unclear Unclear Low [14]
Kumar Inhibition of herpes simplex virus-1 infection by MBZM-N-IBT: in silico and in vitro studies Low Unclear Unclear Unclear Low [133]
Labrunie UL23, UL30, and UL5 characterization of HSV1 clinical strains isolated from hematology department patients Low Unclear Unclear Unclear Low [84]
Le-Trilling Broad and potent antiviral activity of the NAE inhibitor MLN4924 Low Unclear Unclear Unclear Low [19]
Lebrun Varicella-Zoster Virus ORF9p Binding to Cellular Adaptor Protein Complex 1 Is Important for Viral Infectivity Low Unclear Low Unclear Low [139]
Lee Efficacy of brincidofovir as prophylaxis against HSV and VZV in hematopoietic cell transplant recipients High High High Unclear High [48]
Lei Preparation of a monoPEGylated derivative of cyanovirin-N and its virucidal effect on acyclovir-resistant strains of herpes simplex virus type 1 Low High High Unclear Low [2]
Li Amentoflavone Inhibits HSV-1 and ACV-Resistant Strain Infection by Suppressing Viral Early Infection Low Unclear Unclear Unclear Low [67]
Li Anti-herpes simplex virus type 1 activity of Houttuynoid A, a flavonoid from Houttuynia cordata Thunb Low Low Unclear Unclear Low [25]
Liu Antiviral activities of Janus-type nucleosides and their related oxime-intermediates Low Unclear Unclear Unclear Low [41]
Liu Harringtonine Inhibits Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Infection by Reducing Herpes Virus Entry Mediator Expression Low Unclear Unclear Unclear Low [116]
Lopes Sulfonated and Carboxymethylated β-Glucan Derivatives with Inhibitory Activity against Herpes and Dengue Viruses Low Unclear Unclear Unclear Low [128]
Luganini Effective deploying of a novel DHODH inhibitor against herpes simplex type 1 and type 2 replication Low Unclear Unclear Unclear Low [129]
Ma Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) specific T-cell generation from HLA-A1- and HLA-A2-positive donors for adoptive immunotherapy Low Unclear Unclear Unclear Low [12]
Ma Assessment of a new arbidol derivative against herpes simplex virus II in human cervical epithelial cells and in BALB/c mice Low Low High Unclear Low [75]
Maizel Study of the Extremely-Tolerant Brevibacterium linens AE038-8 with Antiviral Activity Against Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Low Unclear Unclear Unclear Low [113]
Mandalari Simulated human digestion of N1-aryl-2-arylthioacetamidobenzimidazoles and their activity against Herpes-simplex virus 1 in vitro Low Unclear Unclear Unclear Low [72]
Marcocci The Amphibian Antimicrobial Peptide Temporin B Inhibits In Vitro Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Infection Low Unclear Unclear Unclear Low [54]
Marino-Merlo Anti-herpes simplex virus 1 and immunomodulatory activities of a poly-γ-glutamic acid from Bacillus horneckiae strain APA of shallow vent origin Low Unclear Unclear Unclear Low [29]
Mello Perillyl alcohol and perillic acid exert efficient action upon HSV-1maturation and release of infective virus Low Unclear Unclear Unclear Low [92]
Mishra Herbal Gel Formulation Developed for Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-1 Activity Also Inhibits In Vitro HSV-2 Infection Low Unclear Unclear Unclear Low [59]
Mohammed Synthesis and anti-HSV activity of tricyclic penciclovir and hydroxybutylguanine derivatives Low Unclear Unclear Unclear Low [69]
Monjo Photodynamic Inactivation of Herpes Simplex Viruses Low Unclear Unclear Unclear Low [55]
Moshaverinia Evaluation of the effect of hydro alcoholic extract of cinnamon on herpes simplex virus 1 Low Unclear Unclear Unclear Low [94]
Musarra-Pizzo The Antimicrobial and Antiviral Activity of Polyphenols from Almond (Prunus dulcis L.) Skin Low Unclear Unclear Unclear Low [68]
Novoa Antiviral Activity of Myticin C Peptide from Mussel: an Ancient Defense against Herpes viruses Low Unclear Unclear Unclear Low [8]
Paavilainen Topical treatment of herpes simplex virus infection with enzymatically created siRNA swarm Low Low High High Low [22]
Parsania Antiviral screening of four plant extracts against acyclovir resistant herpes simplex virus type-1 Low Unclear High Unclear Low [24]
PiresdeMello Aminomethylnaphthoquinones and HSV-1: in vitro and in silico evaluations of potential antivirals Low Unclear High Unclear Low [3]
Pradhan Herpes simplex virus virucidal activity of MST-312 and epigallocatechingallate Low Unclear High Unclear Low [63]
Praena Amidic derivatives of valproic acid, valpromide and valnoctamide, inhibitHSV-1 infection in oligodendrocytes Low Unclear High Unclear Low [78]
Pujol Polyhydroxylated sulfated steroids derived from 5α-cholestanes as antiviral agents against herpes simplex virus Low Unclear Unclear Unclear Low [16]
Quenelle Efficacy of pritelivir and acyclovir in the treatment of herpes simplex virus infections in a mouse model of herpes simplex encephalitis Low Low High Unclear Low [35]
Rechenchoski Mangiferin: A promising natural xanthone from Mangifera indica for the control of acyclovir - resistant herpes simplex virus 1 infection Low Low High Unclear Low [106]
Rittà Antiviral Activity of a Arisaema Tortuosum Leaf Extract and Some of its Constituents against Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Low Unclear High Unclear Low [91]
Ruzsics A Novel, Broad-Acting Peptide Inhibitor of Double-Stranded DNA Virus Gene Expression and Replication Low Low High Low Unclear [90]
Sacchelli Botryosphaeran and sulfonated derivatives as novel antiviral agents for herpes simplex and dengue fever Low Low High Low Unclear [74]
SadeghEhdaei Cellular miR-101-1 Reduces Efficiently the Replication of HSV-1 in HeLaCells Low Low High Unclear Unclear [114]
Sanchez Development and evaluation of a host-targeted antiviral that abrogatesherpes simplex virus replication through modulation of arginine-associated metabolic pathways Low Unclear High Unclear Unclear [11]
Sasaki In vitro and in vivo antiherpetic effects of(1R,2R)-1-(5'-methylful-3'-yl)propane-1,2,3-triol Low Unclear Unclear Low Unclear [15]
Schneider Early Steps in Herpes Simplex Virus Infection Blocked by a Proteasome Inhibitor Low Low Low Unclear Unclear [83]
Shabani Inhibition of herpes simplex virus type 1 replication by novel hsa-miR-7704 in vitro Low Unclear Unclear Unclear Unclear [71]
Shan Viral UL8 Is Involved in the Antiviral Activity of Oleanolic Acid Against HSV-1 Infection Low Unclear Unclear Low Unclear [130]
Shao Poly(dA:dT) Suppresses HSV-2 Infection of Human Cervical Epithelial Cells Through RIG-I Activation Unclear Unclear Unclear Unclear Unclear [124]
Sharifi-Rad Susceptibility of herpes simplex virus type 1 to monoterpenes thymol, carvacrol, p-cymene and essential oils of Sinapis arvensis L., Lallemantiaroyleana Benth. and Pulicaria vulgaris Gaertn Low Unclear Unclear Low Unclear [34]
Sharifi-Rad Antiviral activity of Veronica persica Poir. on herpes virus infection Unclear Unclear Unclear Unclear Unclear [51]
Shiraki Helicase-primase inhibitor amenamevir for herpesvirus infection: Towards practical application for treating herpes zoster Unclear Unclear Unclear Unclear Unclear [21]
Shiraki Amenamevir, a Helicase-Primase Inhibitor, for the Optimal Treatment of Herpes Zoster Low Unclear Low Low Unclear [121]
Spengler Antiviral, Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activity of Selenoesters and Selenoanhydrides Low Unclear Unclear Low Unclear [66]
Stegman Volatile Acid-Solvent Evaporation (VASE): Molecularly Homogeneous Distribution of Acyclovir in a Bioerodable Polymer Matrix for Long-Term Treatment of Herpes Simplex Virus-1 Infections Low Unclear Unclear Low Unclear [40]
Suryawanshi Bacterial Pigment Prodigiosin Demonstrates a Unique Anti herpesvirus Activity That Is Mediated through Inhibition of Pro survival Signal Transducers Low Unclear Unclear Low Unclear [109]
Tavakoli Inhibition of herpes simplex virus type 1 by copper oxide nanoparticles Low Unclear High Unclear Unclear [70]
Tintori Rhodanine derivatives as potent anti-HIV and anti-HSV microbicides Low Unclear Low Low Unclear [61]
Toscani Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Amidinourea Derivatives against Herpes Simplex Viruses Low Low Low Low Unclear [118]
Toulabi The efficacy of olive leaf extract on healing herpes simplex virus labialis: A randomized double-blind study Low Unclear Unclear Low Low [119]
Tyo pH-responsive delivery of Griffithsin from electrospun fibers Low Unclear Unclear Low Unclear [80]
Uhlig Helicase primase inhibitors (HPIs) are efficacious for therapy of human herpes simplex virus (HSV) disease in an infection mouse model Low Low Low Low Unclear [137]
Urbancikova Efficacy of Pleuran (β-Glucan from Pleurotus ostreatus) in the Management of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Infection Low Unclear Unclear Low Unclear [88]
Vanheule Basic chemokine-derived glycosaminoglycan binding peptides exert antiviral properties against dengue virus serotype 2, herpes simplex virus-1 and respiratory syncytial virus Low Unclear Unclear Low Unclear [7]
Viegas Antiviral activity of 1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazoles against HSV-1 in vitro  and effects of amino acid changes in drug-resistant α and β herpes viruses DNA polymerase Low High High Unclear Unclear [96]
VilasBoas Linear antimicrobial peptides with activity against herpes simplex virus 1 and Aichi virus Unclear High High Unclear Unclear [23]
Vilhelmova-Ilieva Antiviral Activity of Rosa damascena Mill. and Rosa alba L. Essential Oils against the Multiplication of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Strains Sensitive and Resistant to Acyclovir Unclear High High Low Low [131]
Wang Guanidine modifications enhance the anti-herpes simplex virus activity of (E,E)-4,6-bis(styryl)-pyrimidine derivatives in vitro and in vivo Low Unclear Unclear Low Unclear [108]
Wang Anti-HSV-1 activity of Aspergilli peptide D, a cyclic pentapepetide isolated from fungus Aspergillus sp. SCSIO 41501 Low Unclear Unclear Low Unclear [107]
Whitley Clinical management of herpes simplex virus infections: past, present, and future N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A [57]
Wright Inhibition of Herpes Simplex Viruses, Types 1 and 2, by Ginsenoside 20(S)-Rg3 Low Unclear Unclear Low Low [105]
Ye Lupeol impairs herpes simplex virus type 1 replication by inhibiting the promoter activity of the viral immediate early gene α0 Low Unclear Unclear Low Unclear [115]
Zhang NSC23766 and Ehop016 Suppress Herpes Simplex Virus-1 Replication by Inhibiting Rac1 Activity Low Unclear Unclear Low Unclear [117]
Zhou Anti-HSV-1 effect of dihydromyricetin from Ampelopsis grossedentata via the TLR9-dependent anti-inflammatory pathway Low Unclear Unclear Low Unclear [97]
Zígolo Chemoenzymatic synthesis of new derivatives of glycyrrhetinic acid with antiviral activity. Molecular docking study Low Unclear Unclear Low Unclear [42]
Zinser A new promising candidate to overcome drug resistant herpes simplex virus infections Low Unclear High Low Unclear [33]