Table-1.
List of flavonoids against viral infection used in this study.
| Bioactive flavonoid | Class | Plant source(s) | Antiviral activity | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Apigenin (PubChem CID: 5336254) | Flavone | Scutellaria indica L | Influenza A (in vitro: EC50 = 5–20 µM) Dengue virus (in vitro: IC50 = 8.74 ± 0.08 µM) | [20, 21] |
| Baicalin (PubChem CID: 64982) | Flavone | Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi., Thalictrum baicalense | SARS-CoV-2 (in vitro: EC50 = 8.0–9.0 µM) Marek’s disease virus (Virucidal effect at 20 µg/mL) | [22, 23] |
| Diosmin (PubChem CID: 5281613) | Flavone | Scrophularia nodosa | African swine fever virus (in vitro: 40% inhibition at 10 µg/mL) | [24] |
| Linarin (PubChem CID: 5317025) | Flavone | Silene firma, Scoparia dulcis, Uncaria sinensis (Oliv.) Havil. | Duck hepatitis A virus (in vitro: 69.3% inhibition at 20 µg/mL) | [25] |
| Luteolin (PubChem CID: 5280445) | Flavone | Dracocephalum ruyschiana L., Verbascum lychnitis, Carex fraseriana | Influenza A virus (in vitro: EC50 = 6.89–7.15 µM) Respiratory syncytial virus (in vitro: 2.08–24.71 µM; in vivo: 50 mg/kg) SARS-CoV-2 RdRp (in vitro: IC50 = 4.6 ± 0.3 µM) | [26–28] |
| Hesperidin (PubChem CID: 10621) | Flavanone | Citrus sinensis, Ficus erecta var. beecheyana, Myrtus communis | Influenza A virus (in vitro: viral titer reduction at 3 log10 TCID50/0.1 mL) | [29] |
| Neohesperidin (PubChem CID: 442439) | Flavanone | Citrus aurantium L. | SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein (in silico: binding affinity at –60.95 kcal/mol) | [30] |
| Rutin (PubChem CID: 5280805) | Flavonol | Styphnolobium japonicum (L.) Schott. | SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro (in silico: binding affinity at –9.2 kcal/mol) | [31] |
| Tiliroside (PubChem CID: 5320686) | Flavonol | Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. | SARS-CoV 3a channel protein (in vitro: IC50 = 20 µM) | [32] |
| Quercetin (PubChem CID: 5280343) | Flavonol | Sophora flavescens Ait. | SARS-CoV-2 RdRp (in vitro: IC50 = 6.9 ± 1.0 µM) | [28] |
| Amentoflavone (PubChem CID: 5281600) | Biflavonoid | Ginkgo biloba L. | Coxsackievirus B3 (in vitro: EC50 = 25 ± 1.2 µM; virucidal: IC50 = 19–41 µg/mL) Herpes simplex virus type 1 (in vitro: EC50 = 11.11–28.22 µM) | [33, 34] |
| Isoginkgetin (PubChem CID: 5318569) | Biflavonoid | Ginkgo biloba L. | Foot-and-mouth disease virus (in vitro: EC50 =1.99 µM) SARS-CoV-2 (in vitro: EC50 = 22.80 µM) | [35, 36] |
| Puerarin (PubChem CID: 5281807) | Isoflavone | Pueraria lobata | Influenza A virus (in vitro: EC50 = 52.06 µM) | [37] |
| Epigallocatechin gallate (PubChem CID: 65064) | Flavanol-3-ols | Acacia catechu L.F. | Zika virus (in vitro: EC50 = 21.4 µM) Hepatitis B virus (in vitro: EC50 < 10µM) SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro (in vitro: IC50 7.58 µg/mL) | [38–40] |
| Epicatechin-3-O-gallate (PubChem CID: 65056) | Flavanol-3-ols | Acacia catechu L.F. | Herpes simplex virus type 1 (in vitro: EC50 = 4 µM) | [41] |
| Gallocatechin Gallate (PubChem CID: 5276890) | Flavanol-3-ols | Corylus, Anacardium occidentale, Celastrus orbiculatus | Enterovirus A71 (in vitro: 56% virus reduction at 10 µM Human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase (in vitro: EC50 = 3.5 µM) | [42, 43] |
EC50=50% maximal effective concentrations, RdRp=RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, SARS-CoV-2=Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, 3CLpro=3-Chymotrypsin-like cysteine protease, TCID50=50 tissue culture infectious dose, IC50=Half-maximal inhibitory concentration