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. 2023 Apr 8;13:5790. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-32545-0

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(A) Photomicrographs showing minimizing of the myotoxic side effects of SV by using microsponges formulas in rats. (a) Control group showing the normal architecture of the skeletal muscle in rat. The skeletal muscle was formed of several parallel elongated cylindrical muscle fibers (MF) with large amounts of PAS positive glycogen (arrowhead) in the sarcoplasm. (b) Free SV group showing the myotoxic side effects of SV as depletion of PAS positive glycogen (arrowhead) in the sarcoplasm of the wavy muscle fibers (FM). (c) FSV-6 group showing increased amounts of PAS positive glycogen (arrowhead) in the sarcoplasm of muscle fibers (FM). (d) FSV-1 group showing minimizing of the myotoxic side effects of SV. The skeletal muscle was formed of several parallel elongated cylindrical muscle fibers (MF) with large amounts of PAS positive glycogen (arrowhead) in the sarcoplasm. PAS, scale bar = 50 μm. (B) Photomicrograph of GR (a–d) and SOD2 (e–h) immunostaining in the skeletal muscles; (a,e) Control group, (b,f) Free SV group, (c,g) FSV-6 group and (d,h) FSV-1 group showing that GR immuno-expression (arrowheads) was nearly similar in all experimental groups, while SOD2 immuno-expression (arrowheads) was significantly increased in SV group and it was significantly decreased in FSV-6 group and FSV-1 group compared to control group, scale bar = 20 μm.