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. 2023 Apr 8;14:1984. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-37748-7

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Synthetic genomes provide opportunities to better engineer and understand biology by: reducing the genome complexity by removing non-essential genes and improving genome stability by removing repetitive elements; increasing the predictability of rational design with less complex regulatory and metabolic networks; eliminating unnecessary genes, proteins, and metabolic pathways to free up biosynthetic capacity; and by testing fundamental biological hypotheses by generating new-to-nature genomes for high-throughput analysis.