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. 2023 Mar 27;14:1111777. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1111777

Figure 2.

Figure 2

CRISPR/Cas mediate efficient and precise genome editing. CRISPR/Cas nucleases generate DSBs upon target recognition, DSBs can be repaired through NHEJ pathway to disturb the target gene, or through HDR pathway to enable targeted gene insertion or replacement. Base editing is performed by a fusion complex of catalytically impaired Cas nuclease and a single strand DNA (ssDNA) deaminase enzyme. Base editing enabling efficient and precisely targeted base conversion at single base resolution without producing DSBs or requiring a donor DNA template. Prime editing requires a complex of Cas9 H840A nickase fused to an engineered reverse transcriptase enzyme as well as a pegRNA, enables base conversions, insertions or deletions in a precise way.