Fig. 3.

Competition between protocells containing GE against protocells lacking GE under the random division scenario. The simulations were performed under the random division scenario [7] and assuming ${\mathit{r}}_{\mathcal{N}}\gg {\mathit{r}}_{\mathcal{A}}$ . The plots on the left show the time dependency of the total number of the protocells with (blue lines) and without (orange lines) GE, denoted by $N_g$ and $N_o$ respectively, for (A) $K=1$ and (C) $K=15$ . The thick lines show the size of the populations averaged over an ensemble of 100 realizations. The plots on the right show the time dependency of the fraction of autonomous mutualists (purple lines) and nonautonomous parasites (green lines) for (B) $K=1$ and (D) $K=15$ . The thick lines show the behavior of fractions of GE [10] averaged over the ensemble. The remaining parameters of the model are as follows: $\begin{array}{c}{r}_{\mathcal{A}}=0.01, r_{\mathcal{N}}=1, d_{\mathcal{A}}=d_{\mathcal{N}}=0.01, R=30, \mathrm{\Delta }E=0.3, E_c=0.01, p_0=0.6, \hfill \end{array}$$\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{\mu }=100, E_{\mathit{tr}}=5\hfill \end{array}$.