Table 2.
Associations between caregiver factors and caregiver burden
| Factor | Measure factor | Outcome caregiver burden | Bivariate analysis | Bivariate association r/t/F/β/Z | Multivariate association β/b (95% CI) |
N | Ref | |
| Demographics | Age | Years | VQ burden | P | ns | – | 75 | 8 |
| Years | ZBI | P or S | 0.20* | – | 101 | 12 | ||
| Years | ZBI | – | – | ns | 69 | 14 | ||
| Years | CDS | S | ns | – | 209 | 21 | ||
| Years | CDS | R | ns | – | 375 | 23 | ||
| Years | ZBI | P or S | ns | – | 109 | 15 | ||
| Gender | Male/female | CDS | T | −2.01* | – | 209 | 21 | |
| Education | 0–4 level | ZBI | – | – | ns | 69 | 14 | |
| 0–2 level | CDS | A | 4.95** | 2.61** (1.97 to 14.09) | 209 | 21 | ||
| Low education | CDS | R | ns | – | 375 | 23 | ||
| 0–5 level (mother) | ZBI | P or S | ns | – | 109 | 15 | ||
| Monthly income | TL | ZBI | – | – | ns | 69 | 14 | |
| 0–4 level | CDS | A | ns | – | 209 | 21 | ||
| Low income | CDS | R | 8.65*** | 3.69* (–) | 375 | 23 | ||
| 0–2 level | ZBI | P or S | 4.45* | – | 109 | 15 | ||
| No of caregivers | 1/2 | ZBI | P or S | ns | – | 109 | 15 | |
| Socioeconomic status | 0–4 level | CDS | A | ns | – | 209 | 21 | |
| Geographical area | Rural area | CDS | R | 6.27** | 5.35** (–) | 375 | 23 | |
| Mother employment | Yes/no | ZBI | U | ns | – | 1190 | 19 | |
| Additional helper | None or present | ZBI | – | – | ns | 69 | 14 | |
| Daily caring time | Hours | ZBI | P or S | ns | – | 101 | 12 | |
| Emotional functioning | Anxiety | HADS-A | CDS | P | 0.47*** | 0.14*** (nr) | 160 | 20 |
| BAI | ZBI | P or S | 0.29** | – | 109 | 15 | ||
| HADS-A | CBS | P | 0.51**** | – | 190 | 24 | ||
| Depression | BDI | ZBI | P or S | 0.70*** | – | 101 | 12 | |
| HADS-D | CDS | P | 0.51*** | 0.17*** (nr) | 160 | 20 | ||
| BDI | ZBI | – | – | 0.48*** (nr) | 69 | 14 | ||
| BDI-II | CDS | P | 0.64*** | – | 203 | 22 | ||
| BDI-II | ZBI | P or S | 0.41**** | – | 109 | 15 | ||
| HADS-D | CBS | P | 0.38**** | – | 190 | 24 | ||
| BDI-II | ZBI | – | – | 0.36** (0.17 to 0.73) | 62 | 17 | ||
| Mental health | SF-36-MCS | ZBI | P or S | ns | – | 101 | 12 | |
| MHI-5 | BM | nr | −0.51** | −0.20* (nr) | 93 | 25 | ||
| SF-36-RE | BI | S | ns | – | 38 | 26 | ||
| SF-36-MH | BI | S | −0.62* | – | 38 | 26 | ||
| WHOQOL-BREF-PsyH | CDS | P | −0.68*** | – | 203 | 22 | ||
| Perceived stress | PSQ | BI | S | 0.65*** | – | 38 | 26 | |
| PSS-4 | CDS | P | 0.43*** | 0.10*** (nr) | 160 | 20 | ||
| Beliefs of rehabilitation | RBQ | VQ burden | P | ns | – | 75 | 8 | |
| Perceived self-efficacy | PSQ | VQ burden | P | −0.25* | – | 75 | 8 | |
| RSCSE | ZBI | – | – | −0.19** (−0.31 to −0.06) | 62 | 17 | ||
| Experiential avoidance | AAQ-16 | DPC burden | nr | 0.42**** | 0.31** (0.52 to 1.21) | 94 | 27 | |
| Physical functioning | Sleep quality | PSQI | ZBI | P or S | 0.39*** | – | 101 | 12 |
| Pain | NRS | ZBI | P or S | 0.36*** | – | 101 | 12 | |
| SF-36-BP | BI | S | −0.40* | – | 38 | 26 | ||
| Fatigue/vitality | CIS | ZBI | P or S | 0.66*** | – | 101 | 12 | |
| FSS | CDS | P | 0.40*** | – | 203 | 22 | ||
| SF-36-VT | BI | S | −0.54* | – | 38 | 26 | ||
| Physical health | SF-36-PCS | ZBI | P or S | −0.21* | – | 101 | 12 | |
| SF-36-PF | BI | S | ns | – | 38 | 26 | ||
| SF-36-RP | BI | S | ns | – | 38 | 26 | ||
| SF-36-GH | BI | S | −0.44* | – | 38 | 26 | ||
| WHOQOL-BREF-PH | CDS | P | −0.59*** | – | 203 | 22 | ||
| Overall health | Quality of life | VQ well-being | VQ burden | P | −0.50** | – | 75 | 8 |
| WHOQOL-8 | BM | nr | −0.39** | −0.16* (nr) | 93 | 25 | ||
| Social functioning | Social functioning | SF-36-SF | BI | S | −0.61* | – | 38 | 26 |
| WHOQOL-BREF-SR | CDS | P | −0.68*** | – | 203 | 22 | ||
| Environment health | WHOQOL-BREF-E | CDS | P | −0.63*** | – | 203 | 22 | |
| Social support | SSS | BM | nr | −0.35** | −0.41** (nr) | 93 | 25 | |
| SSQ | VQ burden | P | ns | – | 75 | 8 | ||
| Family support | ZBI | U | ns | – | 1190 | 19 | ||
| Others support | ZBI | U | nr** | – | 1190 | 19 | ||
| Home-visit nursing | ZBI | C | nr** | – | 1190 | 19 | ||
| Home care | ZBI | C | nr* | – | 1190 | 19 | ||
| Home-visit rehabilitation | ZBI | C | nr** | – | 1190 | 19 | ||
| Training and treatment | ZBI | C | ns | – | 1190 | 19 | ||
| Short stay | ZBI | C | ns | – | 1190 | 19 | ||
| Mobility support | ZBI | C | nr* | – | 1190 | 19 | ||
| Transportation services | ZBI | C | ns | – | 1190 | 19 | ||
| No social support usage | ZBI | C | nr* | – | 1190 | 19 | ||
| Satisfaction with home-visit nursing | ZBI | C | ns | – | 1190 | 19 | ||
| Satisfaction with home care | ZBI | C | nr* | ns | 1190 | 19 | ||
| Satisfaction with home-visit rehabilitation | ZBI | C | nr** | ns | 1190 | 19 | ||
| Satisfaction with training and treatment | ZBI | C | nr** | ns | 1190 | 19 | ||
| Satisfaction with short stay | ZBI | C | nr** | −0.29* | 1190 | 19 | ||
| Satisfaction with mobility support | ZBI | C | ns | – | 1190 | 19 | ||
| Satisfaction with transportation services | ZBI | C | ns | – | 1190 | 19 | ||
| Coping | CHIP | DPC Burden | nr | ns | ns | 94 | 27 | |
| Individual coping | CDS | R | ns | – | 375 | 23 | ||
| Seeking social support | CDS | R | −8.99*** | ns | 375 | 23 | ||
| Spouse support | CDS | R | −7.44*** | −5.67** (nr) | 375 | 23 |
****p<0.0001, ***p<0.001, **p<0.01, *p<0.05.
A, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA); AAQ-16, Acceptance and Action Questionnaire; BAI, Beck Anxiety Inventory; BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; BDI-II, Beck Depression Inventory-II; C, chi-squared test; CHIP, Coping Health Inventory for Parents; CIS, Multidimensional checklist individual strength; FSS, Fatigue Severity Scale; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; HADS-A, HADS-Anxiety Scale; HADS-D, HADS-Depression Scale; MHI-5, Mental Health Inventory-short form; nr, not reported; NRS, numerical rating scale; ns, not significant; P, Pearson correlation coefficient; PSQ, Perceived self-efficacy in the care questionnaire; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; PSS-4, Perceived Stress Scale-4 item; R, univariate regression analysis; RBQ, adapted Rehabilitation Belief Questionnaire; RSCSE, Revised Scale for Caregiving Self-Efficacy; S, Spearman’s linear correlation coefficient/Spearman’s Rho correlation; SF-36, 36-Item Short Form Health Survey; SF-36-BP, SF-36-Bodily pain; SF-36-GH, SF-36-General health; SF-36-MCS, SF-36-Mental component summary; SF-36-MH, SF-36-Mental health; SF-36-PCS, SF-36-Physical component summary; SF-36-PF, SF-36-Physical functioning; SF-36-RE, SF-36-Emotional role; SF-36-RP, SF-36-Physical role; SF-36-SF, SF-36-Social functioning; SF-36-VT, SF-36-Vitality; SSQ, adapted Social Support Questionnaire; SSS, Satisfaction with Social Support Scale; T, independent Student’s t-test; U, Mann-Whitney U test; VQ well-being, Thai version Viriyaprasart’s questionnaire about well-being; WHOQOL-8, WHO Quality of Life Assessment 8 item index; WHOQOL-BREF, WHO’s Quality of Life Questionnaire; WHOQOL-BREF-E, WHOQOL-BREF-Environment; WHOQOL-BREF-PH, WHOQOL-BREF-Physical health; WHOQOL-BREF-PsyH, WHOQOL-BREF-Psychological health; WHOQOL-BREF-SR, WHOQOL-BREF-Social relationships.