Table 2.
Characteristics of participants and CVH metrics by depression status, NHANES 2007–2014*
| Characteristics | Overall (n = 14,561) |
No or minimal depression (n = 11,142) |
Mild depression (n = 2178) |
Moderate or severe depression (n = 1241) |
P value for trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y (mean, SE) | 44.6 (0.31) | 44.9 (0.33) | 43.5 (0.57) | 43.7 (0.60) | .096 |
| Female (%, SE) | 50.4 (0.54) | 48.2 (0.61) | 55.9 (1.39) | 62.1 (2.09) | <.001 |
| Race/ethnicity (%, SE) | |||||
| Non-Hispanic whites | 66.9 (1.85) | 67.7 (1.84) | 65.8 (2.23) | 61.2 (2.95) | .004 |
| Non-Hispanic blacks | 11.0 (0.87) | 10.6 (0.82) | 11.8 (1.25) | 13.2 (1.42) | .017 |
| Mexican American | 9.4 (1.00) | 9.3 (1.00) | 10.2 (1.16) | 9.1 (1.38) | .835 |
| Other | 12.7 (0.79) | 12.4 (0.76) | 12.2 (1.07) | 16.5 (1.97) | .020 |
| Heavy use of alcohol (%, SE) | 18.1 (0.61) | 17.9 (0.67) | 20.1 (1.33) | 16.4 (1.57) | .348 |
| Education (%, SE), y | |||||
| <12 | 16.4 (0.79) | 14.6 (0.78) | 19.9 (1.27) | 27.4 (2.02) | <.001 |
| 12 | 22.3 (0.79) | 21.5 (0.73) | 24.8 (1.72) | 25.6 (1.98) | .032 |
| >12 | 61.3 (1.29) | 63.9 (1.27) | 55.3 (2.21) | 47.0 (2.09) | <.001 |
| Body mass index risk (%, SE) | |||||
| Ideal | 29.9 (0.70) | 31.1 (0.83) | 25.8 (1.44) | 26.2 (1.75) | .016 |
| Intermediate | 34.4 (0.63) | 35.3 (0.76) | 32.9 (1.42) | 27.9 (1.92) | .001 |
| Poor | 35.8 (0.63) | 33.7 (0.70) | 41.3 (1.29) | 45.9 (1.71) | <.001 |
| Smoking risk (%, SE) | |||||
| Ideal | 76.9 (0.74) | 80.4 (0.67) | 69.5 (1.60) | 56.0 (2.20) | <.001 |
| Intermediate | 2.2 (0.16) | 2.1 (0.17) | 2.5 (0.47) | 2.8 (0.56) | .176 |
| Poor | 21.0 (0.70) | 17.5 (0.61) | 28.0 (1.56) | 41.2 (2.07) | <.001 |
| Physical activity risk (%, SE) | |||||
| Ideal | 39.7 (1.12) | 43.2 (1.19) | 31.3 (1.51) | 20.8 (1.79) | <.001 |
| Intermediate | 16.5 (0.47) | 17.0 (0.48) | 16.0 (1.41) | 12.8 (0.98) | <.001 |
| Poor | 43.8 (1.21) | 39.8 (1.21) | 52.7 (1.95) | 66.3 (2.13) | <.001 |
| Dietary risk (%, SE)† | |||||
| Ideal | 2.4 (0.19) | 2.6 (0.22) | 1.7 (0.44) | 1.1 (0.46) | .006 |
| Intermediate | 47.6 (1.00) | 49.5 (1.06) | 44.6 (1.68) | 34.1 (1.80) | <.001 |
| Poor | 50.1 (1.03) | 47.9 (1.08) | 53.8 (1.73) | 64.8 (1.83) | <.001 |
| Blood pressure risk (%, SE) | |||||
| Ideal | 44.8 (0.84) | 44.9 (0.92) | 43.9 (1.57) | 45.5 (1.62) | .744 |
| Intermediate | 41.7 (0.75) | 41.7 (0.83) | 41.9 (1.44) | 41.6 (1.90) | .931 |
| Poor | 13.5 (0.46) | 13.4 (0.44) | 14.2 (1.08) | 13.0 (1.24) | .725 |
| Diabetes risk (%, SE) | |||||
| Ideal | 75.0 (0.45) | 75.9 (0.53) | 72.9 (1.27) | 69.8 (1.99) | .007 |
| Intermediate | 18.7 (0.42) | 18.5 (0.53) | 18.7 (1.20) | 20.5 (1.72) | .284 |
| Poor | 6.4 (0.22) | 5.6 (0.25) | 8.5 (0.73) | 9.6 (1.00) | <.001 |
| Cholesterol risk (%, SE) | |||||
| Ideal | 49.9 (0.84) | 50.6 (0.86) | 47.4 (1.62) | 47.7 (1.97) | .143 |
| Intermediate | 36.3 (0.72) | 36.3 (0.76) | 35.7 (1.35) | 37.9 (2.05) | .443 |
| Poor† | 13.9 (0.50) | 13.2 (0.58) | 16.9 (1.20) | 14.4 (1.32) | .481 |
| HEI-2010 scores (mean, SE)† | 50.5 (0.31) | 51.3 (0.32) | 48.7 (0.53) | 45.8 (0.55) | <.001 |
| Mean scores of seven healthy metrics (mean, SE) | 3.18 (0.03) | 3.29 (0.03) | 2.92 (0.05) | 2.67 (0.05) | <.001 |
| Overall CVH metrics (%, SE) | |||||
| Inadequate (0–4) | 12.3 (0.41) | 10.5 (0.43) | 17.3 (1.10) | 20.7 (1.48) | <.001 |
| Average (5–9) | 68.3 (0.66) | 68.4 (0.74) | 66.4 (1.26) | 70.9 (1.78) | .194 |
| Optimum (10–14) | 19.4 (0.76) | 21.1 (0.84) | 16.4 (1.17) | 8.4 (0.93) | <.001 |
Mean and % are weighted.
AHA’s healthy diet score includes five components: fruits and vegetables, whole grain, fish, sodium, and sugar-sweeten beverage, and a very small proportion (<0.5%) of U.S. adults meet the ideal healthy diet. HEI-2010 is a continuous score consisting of 12 components representing major food groups including fruit and vegetables, whole grains, proteins, dairy, oils, sodium, and empty calories. HEI-2010 score ranges from 0 to 100 with a higher score indicates a more healthy diet. HEI-2010 has been validated to represent the diet quality in population. We used HEI-2010 as a proxy for AHA healthy diet score with ideal diet: HEI-2010 ≥81; intermediate diet: 51–80; and poor diet: ≤50.