Table 2.
Effect of 8 weeks vitamin D3 supplementation on cardiometabolic disease risk markers.
| Vitamin D3 (n = 24) | Placebo (n = 24) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parameters | Baseline | Week 4 | Week 8 | Baseline | Week 4 | Week 8 | p |
| Plasma 25(OH)D (nmol L–1) | 38.5 ± 16.0 | 62.5 ± 19.5 | 72.5 ± 15.8 | 44.0 ± 19.5 | 39.0 ± 17.5 | 38.8± 18.0 | < 0.001*** |
| Plasma PTH (pmol L–1) | 4.3 ± 3.5 | 4.5 ± 3.5 | 3.7 ± 3.0 | 4.2 ± 2.8 | 4.4 ± 2.8 | 4.9 ± 3.1 | 0.112 |
| Haemodynamic measures | |||||||
| SBP (mmHg) | 128.7 ± 11.1 | 126.7 ± 11.9 | 127.8 ± 11.0 | 131.2 ± 12.8 | 134.1 ± 12.9 | 135.5 ± 13.0 | 0.099 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 77.0 ± 9.7 | 76.0 ± 8.8 | 77.0 ± 9.0 | 78.0 ± 12.9 | 79.3 ± 13.0 | 80.1 ± 13.4 | 0.522 |
| PWV (m s–1) | 6.5 ± 1.1 | 6.4 ± 1.0 | 6.4 ± 0.8 | 6.5 ± 1.1 | 6.3 ± 0.9 | 6.3 ± 0.9 | 0.423 |
| PP (mmHg) | 53.6 ± 9.2 | 49.4 ± 3.9 | 50.7 ± 5.8 | 53.8 ± 9.2 | 53.5 ± 6.4 | 55.4 ± 9.7 | 0.027* |
| MAP (mmHg) | 95.1 ± 9.1 | 93.4 ± 8.2 | 94.2 ± 8.2 | 95.9 ± 12.0 | 96.0 ± 12.4 | 97.2 ± 12.7 | 0.413 |
| AIx (brachial) (%) | −48.6 ± 25.9 | −42.8 ± 24.8 | −33.2 ± 12.6 | −51.5 ± 22.2 | −45.5 ± 13.1 | −45.4 ± 13.3 | 0.940 |
| AIxao (aortic) (%) | 12.6 ± 13.4 | 16.1 ± 13.9 | 15.7 ± 14.1 | 12.7 ± 13.6 | 11.5 ± 9.6 | 12.5 ± 16.8 | 0.705 |
| SBPao (mmHg) | 118.5 ± 12.9 | 116.9 ± 12.6 | 117.9 ± 12.7 | 119.5 ± 16.9 | 119.4 ± 14.8 | 121.4 ± 18.7 | 0.347 |
| PPao (mmHg) | 41.6 ± 8.8 | 40.5 ± 7.5 | 40.9 ± 7.3 | 41.3 ± 8.7 | 41.4 ± 10.8 | 43.1 ± 10.5 | 0.280 |
| HR (bpm) | 62.3 ± 12.3 | 61.2 ± 11.7 | 61.7 ± 11.7 | 60.9 ± 10.8 | 62.0 ± 11.6 | 60.9 ± 11.0 | 0.904 |
| RT (m s–1) | 153.3 ± 24.4 | 153.9 ± 26.4 | 154.4 ± 28.1 | 157.6 ± 24.9 | 162.9 ± 27.6 | 159.5 ± 27.3 | 0.715 |
| Cardiometabolic markers | |||||||
| Plasma soluble E‐selectin (ng ml–1) | 57.9 ± 31.1 | 44.2 ± 29.4 | 47.1 ± 29.7 | 57.5 ± 18.9 | 39.2 ± 17.6 | 40.4 ± 16.0 | 0.733 |
| Plasma hs‐CRP (mg L–1) | 2.9 ± 1.9 | 2.4 ± 1.7 | 2.7 ± 1.4 | 2.8 ± 2.1 | 3.1 ± 2.1 | 2.6 ± 2.1 | 0.264 |
| Plasma 8‐isoprostanes (pg ml–1) | 11.2 ± 8.7 | 16.5 ± 11.1 | 14.6 ± 11.5 | 8.9 ± 5.7 | 15.8 ± 12.5 | 16.4 ± 13.2 | 0.222 |
| Plasma renin (pg ml–1) | 639.8 ± 294 | 559.9 ± 253.8 | 463.6 ± 244.5 | 695.1 ± 410.7 | 542.2 ± 243.3 | 471.6 ± 186.5 | 0.610 |
| Plasma angiotensin II (pg ml–1) | 32.3 ± 9.6 | 31.0 ± 6.7 | 29.5 ± 4.6 | 31.8 ± 9.8 | 32.7 ± 12.5 | 27.9 ± 7.3 | 0.390 |
| Plasma insulin (pmol L–1) | 46.5 ± 27.7 | 43.6 ± 26.9 | 46.0 ± 17.3 | 42.1 ± 37.0 | 48.3 ± 42.4 | 46.6 ± 39.9 | 0.897 |
| HOMA‐IR | 1.6 ± 1.3 | 1.6 ± 1.3 | 1.7 ± 2.1 | 1.4 ± 1.6 | 1.4 ± 2.1 | 1.4 ± 1.9 | 0.680 |
| Plasma glucose (mmol L–1) | 5.2 ± 1.5 | 5.0 ± 1.4 | 5.3 ± 2.1 | 4.8 ± 0.8 | 4.5 ± 0.7 | 4.8 ± 0.5 | 0.209 |
| Blood lipids | |||||||
| Plasma TC (mmol L–1) | 6.2 ± 1.3 | 6.8 ± 1.6 | 7.5 ± 1.5 | 6.4 ± 1.6 | 6.8 ± 2.0 | 7.3 ± 1.7 | 0.216 |
| Plasma TAG (mmol L–1) | 1.7 ± 0.4 | 1.6 ± 0.4 | 1.7 ± 0.5 | 1.7 ± 0.3 | 1.6 ± 0.3 | 1.6 ± 0.2 | 0.445 |
| Non‐ HDL‐C (mmol L–1) | 6.3 ± 1.8 | 5.6 ± 1.1 | 6.4 ± 2.7 | 6.2 ± 2.2 | 5.6 ± 1.8 | 6.2 ± 1.5 | 0.740 |
| Plasma HDL‐C (mmol L–1) | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.250 |
| LDL –C (mmol L–1) | 5.2 ± 1.5 | 5.6 ± 1.5 | 5.4 ± 2.4 | 5.0 ± 1.6 | 5.5 ± 1.6 | 5.5 ± 1.0 | 0.416 |
Values are presented as the mean ± SD. The p value represents the significance level for the change in parameters from baseline to week 8 in the vitamin D group compared to the change in the same parameter in the placebo group. Mixed model repeated measures analysis of variance was performed to determine the effect of the intervention.