Table 3.
Physiological outcomes.
| Intention‐to‐treat | Baseline | Follow‐up | Within‐Group change | Between‐Group difference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Change (95% CI) | Difference (95% CI) | |
| VO2peak, mL/min/kg* | ||||
| EX | 34.0 (6.4) | 35.2 (6.7) | 0.8 (−0.8 to 2.3) | −0.4 (−3.6 to 1.9) |
| CON | 31.4 (8.4) | 32.6 (8.6) | 1.2 (−1.1 to 3.5) | |
| VO2peak, L/min* | ||||
| EX | 2.89 (0.50) | 2.99 (0.51) | 0.06 (−0.06 to 0.19) | −0.02 (−0.24 to 0.20) |
| CON | 2.62 (0.59) | 2.70 (0.64) | 0.08 (−0.10 to 0.27) | |
| Total fat mass, kg | ||||
| EX | 24.4 (6.1) | 23.4 (5.9) | −1.0 (−1.8 to −0.1) | 0.5 (−1.1 to 2.0) |
| CON | 23.6 (8.0) | 22.5 (8.8) | −1.5 (−2.7 to −0.2) | |
| Lean mass, kg | ||||
| EX | 58.3 (5.9) | 59.3 (5.8) | 1.0 (0.4 to 1.6) | 0.2 (−1.0 to 1.4) |
| CON | 57.3 (6.4) | 58.5 (7.3) | 0.8 (−0.2 to 1.8) | |
| Lymphocytes, 109/L | ||||
| EX | 1.55 (0.52) | 1.64 (0.59) | 0.09 (−0.03 to 0.21) | 0.01 (−0.21 to 0.23) |
| CON | 1.58 (0.44) | 1.69 (0.57) | 0.08 (−0.11 to 0.26) | |
| hs‐CRP, mg/L † | ||||
| EX | 3.14 (5.29) | 3.52 (7.89) | 0.82 (0.54 to 1.24) | 0.75 (0.35 to 1.64) |
| CON | 5.13 (11.17) | 1.68 (2.06) | 1.08 (0.56 to 2.09) | |
| IL‐6, pg/mL | ||||
| EX | 0.65 (0.43) | 0.59 (0.50) | −0.06 (−0.19 to 0.07) | −0.09 (−0.33 to 0.15) |
| CON | 4.09 (11.10) | 0.60 (0.21) | 0.03 (−0.17 to 0.23) | |
| TNF‐α, pg/mL | ||||
| EX | 2.68 (0.69) | 2.60 (0.51) | −0.08 (−0.25 to 0.09) | −0.12 (−0.44 to 0.21) |
| CON | 2.56 (0.74) | 2.45 (0.63) | 0.04 (−0.24 to 0.31) | |
| PSA, μg/L † , ‡ | ||||
| EX | 11.82 (11.79) | 10.69 (10.62) | 0.881 (0.80 to 0.97) | 0.889 (0.75 to 1.06) |
| CON | 15.71 (13.91) | 16.31 (13.69) | 0.992 (0.86 to 1.15) | |
Means (SD) are based on all available data for EX and CON at baseline and follow‐up (intention‐to‐treat analysis EX, n = 20 at baseline and follow‐up; CON, baseline n = 10 and follow‐up n = 8). The mean differences are estimated means from the mixed models and therefore, within‐group change may not reflect the numerical difference between baseline and follow‐up.
VO2peak data are based on cardiorespiratory tests meeting two of the following test criteria: respiratory exchange ratio (RER) ≥1.10, rate of perceived exertion (RPE) ≥18, and a VO2 plateau (EX, baseline n = 18, follow‐up n = 17; CON, baseline and follow‐up n = 8).
PSA and hs‐CRP are analysed on log‐transformed data and estimates for within‐group changes and between‐group differences are back‐transformed and reported as median relative changes/differences with back‐transformed 95% CIs.
PSA follow‐up analysis is based on n = 19, due to missing data.