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. 2023 Apr 10;23:188. doi: 10.1186/s12870-023-04178-y

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 7 — Structural equation models of root traits and root phosphorus concentration (Note: Blue lines indicate positive relationships, and green lines indicate negative relationships. Solid lines represent significant relationships and dashed lines represent non-significant relationships. Asterisks represent the level of significance: * not present, P > 0.05; otherwise * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001. Standardized regression coefficients for each path are given, and results for model fit tests are also reported underneath each figure. RP, root phosphorus (g kg^–1); RL, root length (cm); SRL, specific root length (cm mg^–1); SRSA, specific root surface area (cm² mg^–1); RTD, root tissue density (mg cm^–3); CRB, coarse root biomass (g plant^–1); RB, root biomass (g plant^–1); RV, root volume (cm³); and RAPase, root APase (µmol pNP g^− 1 min^− 1))