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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Apr 10.
Published in final edited form as: Nutr Res. 2017 May 17;43:51–59. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2017.05.008

Table 1 –

Characteristics of participants aged ≥20 years by metabolic syndrome status—NHANES 1999-2000 and 2009-2010

1999-2000
Metabolic Syndrome
 2009-2010
Metabolic Syndrome
Yes (n = 558) No (n = 884) P value Yes (n = 891) No (n = 1342) P value
Age (y)   51.7 ± 0.94   42.0 ± 1.01 <.001   54.3 ± 0.89   43.5 ± 0.66 <.001
Sex (%)
 Male   47.5   50.3   .418   50.0   48.9   .727
 Female   52.5   49.7   50.0   51.1
Race/ethnicity (%)
 Non-Hispanic white   74.5   74.4   .031   70.4   68.4   .034
 Non-Hispanic black  6.9  9.4   10.6   10.5
 Mexican American  6.6  6.4   10.0  8.4
 Other   12.1  9.9  9.0   12.7
Educational attainment (%)
 0-11 y   24.1   22.0   .111   23.5   15.9 <.001
 12 y   32.9   25.0   28.8   19.6
 ≥12 y   43.1   53.0   47.7   64.5
Smoking status (%)
 Current   24.4   24.9   .131   18.1   20.2   .001
 Former   32.9   25.6   29.0   23.1
 Never   42.1   49.6   53.0   56.7
BMI status (%)
 <25   11.3   52.0 <.001  7.5   43.0 <.001
 25-<30   29.0   32.9   28.2   36.4
 ≥30   59.8   15.1   64.3   20.7
HEI-2010   45.7 ± 0.89   45.8 ± 1.41   .928   47.6 ± 0.61   49.5 ± 0.55   .189
Total fat (g/d)   85.4 ± 1.78   83.9 ± 2.12   .656   82.5 ± 2.39   82.1 ± 1.57   .904
Total saturated fatty acids (g/d)   28.6 ± 0.85   27.7 ± 0.75   .484   26.8 ± 0.94   26.9 ± 0.63   .929
Total polyunsaturated fatty acids (g/d)   17.2 ± 0.35   18.0 ± 0.47   .218   18.2 ± 0.62   18.2 ± 0.37   .916
Lipid profile (geometric mean)
 Total cholesterol (mg/dL) 207.0 ± 2.08 195.4 ± 1.83 <.001 195.7 ± 1.68 189.7 ± 1.33   .002
 LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) 124.8 ± 2.02 (n = 526) 119.7 ± 1.69 (n = 883)   .068 114.6 ± 1.51 (n = 860) 110.0 ± 1.07 (n = 1339)   .005
 HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)   40.8 ± 0.77   51.0 ± 0.64 <.001   43.1 ± 0.46   56.8 ± 0.49 <.001
 Triglycerides (mg/dL) 179.3 ± 4.73   98.9 ± 1.72 <.001 154.7 ± 3.16   89.7 ± 1.01 <.001
 Total cholesterol to HDL ratio  5.08 ± 0.10  3.83 ± 0.06 <.001  4.53 ± 0.06  3.34 ± 0.03 <.001
Plasma TFA (μmol/L) (geometric mean)   98.4 ± 3.78   72.7 ± 2.55 <.001   46.4 ± 0.99   33.4 ± 0.55 <.001

Values are means or geometric mean ± SE.

Abbreviation: CI, confidence intervals; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HEI-2010, Healthy Eating Index-2010; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; TFA, trans-fatty acid.