TABLE 1.
Antioxidant potentials of fruits, plants, and natural compounds
| Sources | Antioxidant compounds | Dose/conc. (R/A) | Potential mechanism of action | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Apple | Phenolics, flavonoids | 290.2 ± 4.2 mg–219.8 ± 1.8 mg (phenolics) 142.7 ± 3.7–97.6 ± 3.9 mg (flavonoids) | ↓ Tumor cells growth( | Eberhardt et al. (2000) |
| Pecan nuts | Ellagic acid, galic acid, protocatechuic, p‐hydroxybenzoic acids | – | Pecan nut shell infusion has a high total phenolic compound and condensed tannins ↑ antioxidant activity is measured using various techniques | do Prado et al. (2009) |
| Coffee brews | Polyphenols, melanoidins | – | ↑ Active oxygen‐scavenging activity | Cammerer and Kroh (2006) |
| Grape juice | Anthocyanins | 25.56–460 mg/L | ↓ Oxidative damage of cells | Burin et al. (2010), Munoz‐Espada et al. (2004) |
| Walnut (Juglans regia L.) | Phenolics | 32.61 mg/g of GAE (cv. Mellanaise) to 74.08 mg/g of GAE t (cv. Franquette) | Vital in obtaining a visible supply of chemicals having antibacterial activity and health‐protective effects | Oliveira et al. (2008) |
| Berry | Anthocyanins | – | Health maintenance chemopreventive | Loliger (1991) |
| Nigella sativa | Thymoquinone, carvacrol, t‐anethole, 4‐terpineol | 1.0 μg/ml | Effective ‐OH radical scavenging agents were used in the non‐enzymatic lipid peroxidation in liposomes and the deoxyribose degradation assay. | Burits and Bucar (2000) |
| Sesame coat (Sesamum indicum L.) | Sesamin sesamolin | – | Termination of free radical reactions ↑metal‐binding capabilities ↓ROS | Changa et al. (2002) |
| Propolis sp. | Kaemperol phenethyl caffeate | – | Prevents inflammation, heart disease, diabetes, and cancer | Kumazawa et al. (2004) |
| Curcuma longa | Curcumin I, Curcumin II, Curcumin III | 20 μg/ml, 14 μg/ml, 11 μg/ml | ↓ Lipid peroxidation | Ruby et al. (1995) |
| Ginger (Zingiber officinale) | Phenols | 870.1 mg/g | ↓ Lipid peroxidation | Stoilova et al. (2007) |
| Tomato | Lycopene, phenolics, flavonoids vitamins C, E | – | To get the most health advantages from tomatoes, eat them whole, including the skin and seeds | Al‐Wandawi et al. (1985) |
| Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) | Monoterpenoid, linalool | – | Inhibitory effect against radical‐scavenging characteristics that is the concentration‐dependent manner | Wangensteen et al. (2004) |
| Grain | Ferulic acid diferulic acids | – | Consumption of high‐fiber, whole‐grain diets has been linked to a lower risk of cancer and coronary heart disease | Adom and Liu (2002) |
| Carotenoid‐rich plants | β‐carotene | – | Physical quenching appears to play a substantial role in protecting biological systems from O2−mediated damage; the rate of the chemical process accounts for only 0.05% of the activity | Krasnovakii and Paramonava (1983) |