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. 2023 Mar 31;42(2):174–187. doi: 10.23876/j.krcp.22.159

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Copyright © 2023 The Korean Society of Nephrology

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial and No Derivatives License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution of the material without any modifications, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original works properly cited.

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Figure 2. — (A) Due to the pathological effects of EVs in renal inflammation and fibrosis, inhibition of EV secretion or uptake is a potential strategy for kidney diseases. (B) EVs derived from stem cells or healthy renal intrinsic cells could act as direct natural therapeutics. EVs can also be used as delivery vehicles for a variety of drugs, including nucleic acids, proteins, and small molecules. EV-based treatments have shown therapeutic effects on renal fibrosis through inhibition of apoptosis, inflammation, and fibrosis and promotion of autophagy, angiogenesis, and proliferation.

EVs, extracellular vesicles; EPO, erythropoietin; GDNF, glial-derived neurotrophic factor; IL, interleukin; miRNA, microRNA; mRNA, messenger RNA; MSCs, mesenchymal stem cells; MVB, multivesicular body; RBC, red blood cell; srIκB, super-repressor IκB; TECs, tubular epithelial cells.