TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics of US adults with normal SBP: NHANES 2001–2018.
| DBP, mmHg | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No anti‐hypertension drug | Anti‐hypertension drug | ||||||
| <60 | 60 to <70 | 70 to <80 | <60 | 60 to <70 | 70 to <80 | ||
| Characteristics | (N =3877) | (N = 8644) | (N = 8796) | (N = 1210) | (N = 1621) | (N = 1710) | P‐value |
| Age, yrs | 38.02 ± 17.61 | 39.93 ± 14.98 | 41.28 ± 12.84 | 67.23 ± 11.91 | 60.73 ± 12.48 | 56.03 ± 11.20 | <.001 |
| Women, % | 2117 (55.2) | 4893 (58.2) | 4287 (48.8) | 652 (57.4) | 870 (55.4) | 853 (50.7) | <.001 |
| DBP, mmHg | 54.11 (5.04) | 65.12 (2.80) | 74.27 (2.77) | 52.58 (6.08) | 65.02 (2.76) | 74.37 (2.76) | <.001 |
| SBP, mmHg | 108.48 (9.99) | 110.84 (9.19) | 115.38 (7.81) | 113.10 (11.53) | 115.68 (9.51) | 118.48 (7.39) | <.001 |
| Non‐Hispanic White, % | 1632 (63.0) | 3804 (67.5) | 3827 (68.1) | 665 (77.8) | 812 (75.2) | 767 (71.6) | <.001 |
| Marital status, % | |||||||
| Married | 1640 (44.2) | 4305 (52.7) | 4787 (58.0) | 621 (55.5) | 893 (61.2) | 999 (64.0) | <.001 |
| Widowed/divorced/separated | 626 (12.8) | 1283 (13.2) | 1351 (13.7) | 489 (36.3) | 539 (27.3) | 476 (24.1) | |
| Unmarried | 1608 (43.0) | 3050 (34.1) | 2654 (28.4) | 100 (8.2) | 188 (11.5) | 235 (12.0) | |
| Income, a % | |||||||
| ≤1.0 | 863 (18.4) | 1759 (15.6) | 1670 (13.4) | 186 (12.3) | 269 (11.2) | 299 (11.5) | <.001 |
| 1.0–4.0 | 1917 (52.9) | 4067 (48.1) | 4082 (46.1) | 688 (60.0) | 818 (50.0) | 801 (45.5) | |
| ≥4.0 | 740 (28.6) | 2096 (36.3) | 2416 (40.5) | 227 (27.7) | 410 (38.8) | 475 (43.0) | |
| Education, % | |||||||
| No high school graduate | 1035 (18.6) | 2003 (15.1) | 1827 (13.2) | 380 (23.2) | 447 (17.4) | 405 (14.9) | <.001 |
| High school graduate | 891 (23.5) | 1851 (22.0) | 1911 (21.8) | 314 (26.7) | 397 (25.0) | 440 (25.9) | |
| College or above | 1943 (57.9) | 4784 (62.9) | 5052 (65.0) | 513 (50.1) | 775 (57.6) | 864 (59.2) | |
| Smoke, % | |||||||
| Never | 2102 (52.6) | 4987 (56.7) | 5074 (57.5) | 517 (40.7) | 774 (46.0) | 861 (51.7) | <.001 |
| Former | 713 (19.1) | 1625 (19.3) | 1754 (21.3) | 499 (39.7) | 564 (36.9) | 528 (31.8) | |
| Current | 1056 (28.2) | 2028 (24.0) | 1962 (21.2) | 194 (19.6) | 282 (17.0) | 321 (16.5) | |
| BMI, b kg/m2 | |||||||
| <25 | 1638 (46.2) | 3403 (42.2) | 2942 (34.3) | 195 (17.5) | 226 (13.6) | 220 (11.1) | <.001 |
| 25–30 | 1235 (31.7) | 2875 (32.5) | 2986 (34.5) | 403 (33.7) | 519 (31.1) | 543 (32.6) | |
| 30–40 | 831 (18.9) | 1950 (22.0) | 2376 (26.8) | 447 (39.2) | 675 (44.0) | 719 (44.4) | |
| ≥40 | 125(3.2) | 332 (3.3) | 413 (4.4) | 123 (9.6) | 170 (11.4) | 204 (11.9) | |
| Exercise | <.001 | ||||||
| Inactive | 424 (9.4) | 874 (8.7) | 885 (9.0) | 147 (10.4) | 160 (9.1) | 175 (9.7) | |
| Median | 2439 (61.9) | 5611 (65.3) | 5685 (64.6) | 937 (78.0) | 1231 (76.6) | 1232 (70.9) | |
| Active | 1014 (28.7) | 2159 (26.0) | 2226 (26.3) | 126 (11.5) | 230 (14.3) | 303 (19.4) | |
| Uric acid, μmol/L | 302.01 ± 77.34 | 299.14 ± 75.66 | 314.02 ± 78.82 | 363.64 ± 96.97 | 352.45 ± 86.48 | 350.76 ± 86.63 | <.001 |
| Albumin, g/L | 42.82 ± 3.36 | 42.93 ± 3.23 | 43.11 ± 3.18 | 41.29 ± 3.25 | 41.74 ± 3.17 | 42.07 ± 3.15 | <.001 |
| High‐density lipoprotein, mg/dL | 53.98 ± 15.19 | 54.91 ± 15.54 | 53.13 ± 15.88 | 51.23 ± 15.80 | 51.77 ± 16.71 | 50.81 ± 15.63 | <.001 |
| Myocardial infarction, % | 128 (2.9) | 168 (1.5) | 109 (1.0) | 202 (15.5) | 184 (10.3) | 137 (6.9) | <.001 |
| Stroke, % | 83 (1.4) | 106 (1.0) | 108 (0.9) | 161 (11.8) | 142 (7.3) | 132 (6.4) | <.001 |
| Heart failure, % | 93 (1.7) | 86 (0.7) | 56 (0.5) | 172 (13.2) | 169 (9.1) | 100 (3.9) | <.001 |
| Diabetes, % | 339 (5.8) | 684 (5.6) | 660 (5.5) | 546 (40.6) | 609 (33.6) | 525 (27.1) | <.001 |
| Hypertension, % | 238 (5.7) | 510 (5.5) | 736 (8.1) | 1210 (100.0) | 1621 (100.0) | 1710 (100.0) | <.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease, % | 69 (1.5) | 139 (1.3) | 123 (1.3) | 112 (8.0) | 95 (4.4) | 101 (4.8) | <.001 |
| Cancer, % | 270 (6.4) | 524 (6.6) | 479 (6.3) | 253 (22.3) | 313 (21.3) | 251 (16.2) | <.001 |
Values are mean ± SD, median, or n (%).
Abbreviations: SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure.
a
Income levels are divided into three groups according to the ratio of poverty to income: low (≤1), medium (1–4), and high (≥4).
b
Body mass index (BMI) is defined as body weight (kg) divided by height (m) squared.