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. 2023 Apr 10;13:5830. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-32980-z

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Results of linear modelling of event-related fields in the Saccade + stimulus condition as a weighted linear combination of the Saccade-only and Stimulus-only conditions. (A) Topographic heatmap of estimated parameters for the Saccade-only condition (β_saccade) and the Stimulus-only (β_stimulus). (B) Topographic heatmap of the proportion variance explained (R²) by the linear model. (C) Topographic heatmaps of the residual planar gradients of the linear models. Values represent group averages. Deviations from 0 were assessed with one-sample t-tests, cluster-based corrected for multiple comparisons in time and space (α = 0.05, two-tailed). Sensors with a significant deviation from 0 for at least 12.5 ms are highlighted with a white point. The average horizontal gaze position in the three conditions over time is plotted below the heatmaps. Black = Stimulus-only, grey = saccade-only, red = Saccade + stimulus (latter two overlap). Lines represent median gaze position over all trials. Shaded area is the 95% interval across all trials. Heatmap created using Fieldtrip http://www.fieldtriptoolbox.org/ and Matlab 2019b (https://uk.mathworks.com).