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. 2023 Apr 10;8:152. doi: 10.1038/s41392-023-01400-z

Table 2.

Renal outcomes trials in diabetes mellitus

Clinical trials Clinical trials’ number Year Phase Paticipants (n) Intervention Follow-up Main outcome
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors
CARMELINA502 NCT01897532 2013–2018 4 6991

I: Linagliptin

C: Placebo

 2.2 years Reduced proteinuria, control blood glucose.
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1) agonizts
REWIND503 NCT01394952 2011–2018 3 9901

I: Dulaglutide

C: placebo

 5.4 years Reduced compound renal outcome.
PIONEER 5504 NCT02827708 2016–2018 3 424

I: Semaglutide

C: Placebo

 0.54 years Effective in patients with type 2 diabetes and moderate renal impairment, but with higher adverse events.
BETENT-4505 NCT03730662 2018–2021 3 2002

I: Tirzepatide

C: Insulin Glargine

 2 years Slowed down eGFR decline rate, reduced UACR (urinary albumin creatinine ratio).
Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors
DAPA-CKD506 NCT03036150 2017–2020 3 4304

I: Dapagliflozin

C: Placebo

 3.2 years Reduced the risk of GFR and major renal and cardiovascular adverse events in diabetic and non-diabetic patients with chronic kidney disease.
CREDENCE487 NCT02065791 2014–2018 3 4401

I: Canagliflozin

C: Placebo

 2.62 years Reduced the risk of kidney failure and cardiovascular events.
SCORED507 NCT03315143 2017–2020 3 10584

I: Sotagliflozin

C: Placebo

 1.3 years Reduced risk of cardiovascular-related hospitalization and death from diabetes and CKD, but associated with adverse events.
VERTIS CV508 NCT01986881 2013–2019 3 8223

I: Ertugliflozin

C: Placebo

 3.5 years Ertugliflozin reduced the risk of composite renal end points and was associated with reduced eGFR and UACR.
Mineralcorticoid receptor antagonists
FIDELIO-DKD191 NCT02540993 2015–2021 3 5734

I: Finerenone

C: Placebo

 2.6 years Reduced the risk of the cardio-renal outcome.
PRIORITY509 NCT02040441 2014–2018 2/3 209

I: Spironolactone

C: Placebo

Standard care

 2.5 years Can’t prevent disease progression of high-risk patients with DKD.
SONAR510 NCT01858532 2013–2018 3 2648

I: Atrasentan

C: Placebo

Standard care

 4.4 years Reduced the risk of renal events in patients with diabetes and CKD.
Others
CKD-FIX181 ACTRN12611000791932 2014–2016 3 369

I: Allopurinol

C: Placebo

Standard care

 2.17 years Decreased serum urate but did not affect the renal outcome and did not alleviate the decline in eGFR.
ALBUM197 NCT02358096 2015–2017 2 125

I:ASP8232

C: Placebo

 2 years Reduced albuminuria in DKD patients, safe and well tolerated.
NA196 NCT01683409 2012–2017 2 130

I: Baricitinib

C: Placebo

 0.46 years Reduced albuminuria.
NA NCT03804879 2018–2021 2 83

I: Nidufexor

C: Placebo

 0.54 years UACR and 24-hour urinary albumin were decreased in DKD patients.
NA201 NCT03016832 2017–2021 1 413

I: HuangKui capsule

C: Irbesartan tablets

 0.46 years The combination of Huangkui capsule and irbesartan had the best effect on reducing ACR in DKD patients.

NA no official trial name