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. 2023 Mar 5;13(5):1470–1489. doi: 10.7150/thno.77597

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Mechanism of action of sEVs on OA-hACs. (A) NF-kB nuclear translocation in OA hACs in response to sEVs treatment. Red arrows show the nucleus of the cells. Images are representative of four independent experiments. Scale bar: 100μm. (B) Quantification of NF-kB nuclear translocation, calculated as number of cells with positive nuclei on total cell number. Error bars represent S.D. (***) p < 0.001, (****) p < 0.0001, comparison vs. IL-1a, (^####) p < 0.0001, comparison vs. IL-1a + Normo FBS-sEVs, one-way ANOVA. (C) PGE₂ ELISA quantification, expressed as percentage of positive control (IL-1α). Error bars represent S.D. (*) p < 0.05, (***) p < 0.001, one-way ANOVA.