Normalization of tumor physical scaffold by collagen removing. (A) Schematic showing the tumor targeting of nanoparticles in 4T1 tumor-bearing mouse model. (B) In vivo fluorescence imaging for 4T1 tumor-bearing mice at different time points post-injection with DiR-LPL (DiR-LPL: 5 mg kg-1, containing LY364947: 0.43 mg kg-1) and DiR-LPM (DiR-LPM: 5 mg kg-1, containing LY364947: 0.43 mg kg-1). (C) Average fluorescence intensity of tumor tissue at different time points. (D) Ex vivo fluorescence images of the major organs (heart, liver, spleen, lungs, and kidneys) and tumors at 24 h post-injection with DiR-LPL and DiR-LPM. (E) Average fluorescence intensity of tumor tissue at 24 h post-injection with DiR-LPL and DiR-LPM. (F) Schematic showing the collagen removing by LPM in 4T1 tumor-bearing mouse model (PM:5 mg kg-1; LPM: 5 mg kg-1, containing LY364947: 0.43 mg kg-1). Representative images of immunofluorescent staining (G) and quantification of collagen I (H) and CD3+T cells (I) in 4T1 tumors. Blue, cell nuclei staining; red, collagen I staining; green, CD3+T cells staining. Scale bar: 200 μm. Data are presented as the mean ± SD. Statistical significance was calculated via unpaired t-test. (ns, nonsignificant; *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001).