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. 2023 Mar 28;11:1022367. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1022367

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Copyright © 2023 Zhang, Yang, Zhang, Yin, Man and Lu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Multivariable MR analysis results of the causal effects of modifiable risk factors on esophageal diseases after adjusting education. Odds ratios were scaled per 3.6 years increase in BMI, smoking, drinking, carbohydrate, fat, and protein. Odds ratios were scaled per genetically predicted 1-unit-higher log-odds of liability to MDD (per 2.72-fold increase in the prevalence). **Indicates significant evidence (q-value < 0.05) after correction for multiple testing estimated by the FDR method. *Indicates suggestive evidence (uncorrected P-value < 0.05 and q-value ≥ 0.05).