Table 1.

Clinically used antihyperglycemic drugs to improve IR.

Type	Listed drugs	Mechanisms	References
Biguanides	Metformin	Augmentation of peripheral glucose utilization by induction of GLUT4 expression and its translocation to the plasma membrane.	(293)
TZD	Pioglitazone, rosiglitazone	Enhancing insulin-mediated glucose uptake also inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and triggers the release of adiponectin	(294)
SGLT2i	Canagliflozin, Dapagliflozin, Empagliflozin, tofogliflozin	Inhibits glucose reabsorption by the proximal renal tubule and improves insulin sensitivity by reducing body weight or glucose toxicity.	(295)
Sulfonylurea drugs	Glimepiride, glipizide	Promotes insulin receptor activation, thereby increasing the number of glucose transporter proteins and increasing insulin sensitivity	(296)
GLP-1 receptor agonists	Dulaglutide, Albiglutide, Liraglutide, Semaglutide	Reduces inflammation and oxidative stress and regulates lipid metabolism by increasing expression of glucose transporter proteins in insulin-dependent tissues	(297)