Table 1.

Cohort description

	Control	GDM	P value
Women	350	44
BMI	22.6±4.0 (325)	28.2±7.7 (43)	<0.0001
Age (years)	31.2±4.43 (350)	33.1±3.77 (44)	<0.01
Gestation	2.38±1.44 (349)	2.93±1.8 (44)	0.02
Parity	0.97±1.04 (349)	1.2±1.0 (44)	0.16
Fasting glucose (mg/dL)	82.46±7.08 (327)	89.30±14.1 (42)	<0.0001
Delivery week	39.1±1.73(297)	38.7±1.2 (39)	0.14
Newborn weight (kg)	3.2±0.46 (308)	3.24±1.2 (40)	0.66
Stress (rank: 1–4)	1.41±0.59 (232)	1.57±0.63 (30)	0.17
Education (years)	15.36±2.3 (251)	14.75±2.17 (33)	0.15
Current smoker	32	11	<0.01*
Non-smoker	280	28
Prior smoker	13	1

Data are presented as mean±SD. P values based on Student’s t-test. Parentheses represent sample size.

*P value based on Fisher’s exact test.

BMI, body mass index; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus.