Fig. 1.

Schematic of step-wise modification on vascular grafts for programmed endothelial healing: (A) Step-wise modification of micropatterned nanofibers with PDA-Cu²⁺ complexes, PLys molecules, and CAG peptides; (B) Functions of the yielded vascular grafts to phase-adjust endothelial regeneration: 1) Promoting host EC capture and adhesion; 2) Guiding the adhered ECs to form an oriented endothelial monolayer; 3) Enhancing the maturation of the regenerated endothelium; 4) Suppressing thrombogenesis.