Table 2.
Classification and characteristics of human macrophages
| Subset | M1 type | M2 type |
|---|---|---|
| Activated by | LPS, IFN-γ, and GM-CSF | Immune complexes, IL-4, IL-13, c-Myc, and IRF-4 |
| Markers | CD80, CD86, MHC II, CD64, CD40, CD11c, TLR2, and TLR4 | CD206, CD163, CD209, CD301, CD36, CD200R, CD32, D16 and CD23 |
| Cytokine production | TNF, IL-1β, and IL-6 (proinflammatory) | IL-10, IL-1RII, and IL-1RA (anti-inflammatory) |
| Chemokine production | CXCL-1, CXCL-10, and CCL-5 | CCL-17, CCL-18, CCL-22, and CCL-24 |
| Function | Inflammatory, bactericidal, pathogen clearing, and anti-tumor effects | Anti-inflammation, immune regulation, allergy, tissue repair, and tumor promotion |
Notes: Lipopolysaccharide (LPS); Interferon-γ (IFN-γ); Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factors (GM-CSF); Interleukin 4 (IL-4); V-Myc Avian Myelocytomatosis Viral Oncogene Homolog (c-Myc); Interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4); MHC class II molecules (MHC II); Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2); Tumor necrosis factor (TNF); Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL-1); Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 (CCL-5).