Fig. 2.

In vitro antimicrobial properties of GO/Ga nanocomposites. (a) Representative images of live colonies of the bacterial cells on TSA plates after 4 h of coculture with different nanomaterials. (b) Quantity of live bacteria confirmed by the spread plate method. (c, d) Determination of the antimicrobial efficacy of nanomaterials on tested strains using the Oxford cup test. (e, f) Observation of bacterial membrane integrity confirmed by the quantity of leakage of ATP and potassium ions (K⁺) caused by different nanomaterials during 6 h of coculture. *p < 0.01 compared with the other groups, **p and ***p < 0.05 compared with GaNPs and GO/Ga, respectively, ^#p < 0.01 compared with CTRL and GaNPs.