Fig. 4.

Investigation of the cytocompatibility of different nanomaterials with rBMSCs. (a) CLSM images of oxidative stress in cells in response to tested nanomaterials after being stained with 2′, 7′-DCFH-DA. (b) Flow cytometry assay of rBMSCs stained with Live/Dead Cell kit, respectively. (c) Quantitative analysis of cell viability using FlowJo software. (d) CLSM observation of rBMSCs stained with DAPI (blue, nuclei) and rhodamine phalloidin fluorescence (red, cytoskeleton). (e) Detection of cellular damage-associated biomarkers (ROS and LDH) using ELISA kits. (f) Quantity of cell proliferation determined by a CCK-8 assay at the indicated time points. *p < 0.05 compared with GO and GO/Ga, **p < 0.05 compared with GaNPs, ^#p < 0.01 and ^##p < 0.05 compared with GO/Ga.