Fig. 5.

Osteoblast differentiation of rBMSCs after coculture with different nanomaterials in osteogenic inductive medium. (a) ALP staining and quantity of ALP activity at 10 and 14 d. (b) Alizarin red staining and quantification of calcium formation at 21 and 28 d. (c) Relative mRNA expression of osteogenic differentiation-related markers (ALP, OSX, OCN and OPN) in rBMSCs at 6 and 12 d determined by RT-PCR. These data are the mean levels relative to GAPDH and were normalized to the expression levels found in CTRL. *p < 0.01 compared with CTRL and GaNPs, **p < 0.05 compared with GO.