Fig. 1.

Preparation and characterization of PWH NPs and PWH composite scaffolds. (A) Schematic showing the fabrication process of 3D printed composite scaffold based on PWH NPs. (B) The representative SEM image of WH NPs. (C) CV curves and (D) AC impedance curves of various composite films ( ± represents annealing or not). (E) XRD patterns and (F) FTIR spectra of WH NPs before and after the annealing treatment (650 °C, 3 h). (G) Compression stress-strain curves of various scaffolds. (H) Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ release profiles of PWH and WH scaffolds. (I) The photograph of the 3D printed PWH scaffold. (J) Representative SEM and elemental mapping images showing the morphology of the printed strands in the PWH scaffold and the even distribution of characteristic P, Ca, and Mg signals.