Scheme 1.
Schematic illustration showing the design of the bone-specific electroactive PWH-containing organic-inorganic composite scaffold. PWH NPs are prepared from WH NPs (WH, Ca18Mg2(HPO4)2(PO4)12) after sintering, and the WH NPs are synthesized via chemical precipitation method. Then, PWH scaffold is prepared by 3D printing with pre-extruded PCL/PWH composite filaments. The obtained PWH scaffold exhibits robust piezoelectricity as well as sustained release of Mg2+ to mimic the composition and electroactivity of natural bone. A rat calvarial defect model is established for in vivo evaluation of neurogenesis and angiogenesis associated with neo-bone formation.