Fig. 5.

Construction of arthritis model on-chip. (A) Hyperphysiological compression induced osteoarthritic phenotype on chip, the deformation of PDMS membrane led to compression of the superior hydrogel (Adapted from Ref. [129], with permission); (B) Immunofluorescence presented the expression of aggrecan, collagen type I and collagen type II, MMP13 expression was up-regulated in the hyperphysiological compression (HPC) (Adapted from Ref. [129], with permission); (C) The balloon inflated by pressurized air supplied the compression (upper channel), 3D laser scanning microscopy measured the deformation (lower channel) (Adapted from Ref. [158], with permission); (D) Reconstruction of the joint on-chip based on cellular crosstalk (Adapted from Ref. [132], with permission).