Fig. 4.

Diagnosis and treatment processes for head and neck cancer (HNC). The diagnosis of HNC often utilises clinical manifestations; imaging examinations such as computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET)-CT; and histological examinations such as biopsy and lymph node puncture. The main treatments for early HNC include surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, gene therapy, photodynamic therapy (PDT), and photothermal therapy (PTT).