Fig. 9.

Pulp-dentin complex regeneration using a hierarchical growth factor-loaded nanofibrous microsphere scaffolding system. (A) An SEM image showing the DPSCs that adhere to the surfaces of the heparin-modified nanofibrous microspheres (NF-MS). (B) A typical SEM image of the DPSCs adhering to a NF-MS surface, showing the close interaction between the cell and the microsphere. (C) A photographic image of a full-length root. (D) A SEM image of the open dentin tubules of the full-length root. (E–H) Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining images of regenerated pulp-like tissues in the full-length root canal after in vivo implantation for nine weeks. (E) VEGF-loaded NF-MS/DPSC group. (F) VEGF-loaded NF-MS group. (G) DPSC group. (H) Empty control group. Adapted from Ref. [76], 2016 Elsevier Ltd.