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In vitro bioactivity analysis of different topological structures. (A) 2D confocal laser scanning microscopy images of BMSCs seeded on the bone structure scaffolds. Relative cytocompatibility evaluation of (B) uniform and (C) graded cellular structures. Expression of osteogenic genes: (D) western blot results of Col1a, Runx-2, OCN, and GAPDH expressions in BMSCs on day 5 and (E) Real-time PCR analysis of the relative mRNA levels of Col1a, Runx-2, and OCN. (Scale bar: 200 μm).
