FIGURE 3.

Circadian differences in the microglial response to immune challenges. Hypothetical outcomes of an intraperitoneal (IP) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration and a traumatic brain injury (TBI) performed either during the light (resting) phase or at night (activity). In the resting phase, microglia expresses higher levels of pro‐inflammatory cytokines which could contribute to the exacerbation of inflammation after an immune challenge. Instead, during the active phase microglia mainly express IL‐10, which probably ameliorates the damage caused by either an LPS administration or a TBI