TABLE 3.

Main treatments used for vascular anomalies

Infantile hemangiomas (IHs)	Propranolol a (approved by the FDA and EMA) Atenolol a Nadolol a Acebutolol b Topical timolol a (mild efficacy) Corticosteroids b Vincristine c Interferon alpha c Rapamycin c
Congenital hemangiomas (RICH/NICH/PICH)	Propranolol c Rapamycin c
Kasabach–Merritt phenomenon (KHE/TA)	Rapamycin b Corticosteroids b Aspirin/ticlopidin c Vincristine c Interferon c Propranolol c
Low‐flow malformations (capillary, LM & VM)	Rapamycin a PIK3CA inhibitors b (ongoing studies) Anticoagulants (aspirin, LMWH & DOACs) Tranexamic acid (topically applied)
High‐flow malformations (AVMs)	Propranolol c Rapamycin c Thalidomide c MEK inhibitors c (ongoing studies)

Abbreviations: AVM, arteriovenous malformation; DOAC, direct oral anticoagulant; EMA, European Medicines Administration; FDA, U.S. Food and Drug Administration; IH, infantile hemangioma; KHE, kaposiform hemangioendothelioma; LM, lymphatic malformation; LMWH, low‐molecular‐weight heparin; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; NICH, non‐involuting congenital hemangioma; PICH, partially involuting congenital hemangioma; RICH, rapidly involuting congenital hemangioma; TA, tufted angioma; VM, venous malformation.

^a Efficacy proven by randomized studies.

^b Efficacy supported by open studies.

^c Efficacy supported only by small open studies or isolated clinical observations.