Table 2.
Costs and outcomes by trial arm and by perspective over 12 months*
| Usual care (n = 91) | Intervention group (n = 89) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Costs | No. of patients using resource | Mean ± SD cost per patient | No. of patients using resource | Mean ± SD cost per patient | Difference, mean ± SD |
| NHS + PSS | £1,394 ± £1,109† | £1,740 ± £1,266† | £346 ± £157† | ||
| PT intervention classes | 0 | – | 89 | £179 ± £36 | £179 |
| Additional physical therapy | 66 | £139 ± £293 | 83 | £277 ± £323 | –£138 ± £30 |
| Other therapies | 37 | £80 ± £199 | 35 | £75 ± £156 | £5 ± –£43 |
| Hospital readmission | 19 | £192 ± £874 | 11 | £125 ± £570 | £66 ± –£305 |
| Outpatient or AE visit | 59 | £127 ± £191 | 54 | £129 ± £239 | –£2 ± £48 |
| Special orthopedic equipment | 77 | £62 ± £62 | 79 | £109 ± £488 | –£47 ± £426 |
| Medication | 80 | £22 ± £33 | 66 | £41 ± £143 | –£19 ± £110 |
| Other community health and social services use | 76 | £77 ± £117 | 76 | £91 ± £152 | –£14 ± £35 |
| Societal | £3,418 ± £1,266† | £3,826 ± £1,445† | £407 ± £179† | ||
| Paid time off | 27 | £146 ± £492 | 23 | £193 ± £532 | –£47 ± £40 |
| Unpaid time off | 56 | £38 ± £85 | 52 | £35 ± £87 | £3 ± £3 |
| Informal care | 57 | £26 ± £44 | 52 | £18 ± £29 | £8 ± –£14 |
| Outcomes‡ | |||||
| QALYs | – | 0.665 ± 0.219 | – | 0.716 ± 0.240 | 0.051 ± 0.021 |
| Utility at baseline | – | 0.466 ± 0.248 | – | 0.411 ± 0.269 | –0.055 ± 0.021 |
| Utility at 12 months | – | 0.730 ± 0.232 | – | 0.749 ± 0.241 | 0.019 ± 0.009 |
| LEFS score | – | 48.22 ± 17.58 | – | 52.85 ± 20.03 | 4.64 ± 2.45 |
| LEFS score at baseline | – | 28.59 ± 14.74 | – | 25.39 ± 14.58 | –3.20 ± –0.16 |
| LEFS score at 12 months | – | 53.29 ± 17.53 | – | 55.79 ± 18.48 | 2.50 ± 0.95 |
National Health System (NHS) + Personal Social Services (PSS) and societal cost totals and outcomes were estimated adjusting for sex, age, hospital site, comorbidities, and baseline outcomes in seemingly unrelated regression baseline models complete data using 60 imputed data sets. AE = accident or emergency; LEFS = Lower Extremity Functional Scale. Total societal costs include all NHS + PSS costs plus the additional categories of “paid time off,” “unpaid time‐off,” and informal care. Individual cost categories were imputed for missing data using the same imputation model, but mean and SDs were not adjusted using regression analysis. PT = physical therapy; QALY = quality‐adjusted life year.
Values are the sum of all subcategories as estimates with imputed data and regression analysis; therefore, they do not equate to the arithmetic sum of the subcategories.
Outcomes values for the usual care and intervention groups are the mean ± SD benefit.