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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Jan 10.
Published in final edited form as: Sci Total Environ. 2022 Sep 16;855:158788. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158788

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1.

Joint associations of phthalate/replacement biomarkers with GWG z-scores in a) all women, b) women carrying males, and c) women carrying females. QGComp models and WQSR models using partial reverse scoring approach accounted for race/ethnicity, educational attainment, annual household income, smoking in the 1st trimester, pre-pregnancy BMI, and maternal diet quality. Data are presented as the change (square for QGComp, circle for WQSR models) and 95% CI (vertical black lines) in GWG z-scores for an IQR change in the mixture. Separate models were specified for all women (n = 299), women carrying males (n = 148), and women carrying females (n = 151). QGCompneg, scaled effect size in the negative direction; QGComppos, scaled effect size in the positive direction; QGCompneg+pos, joint association as the sum of QGCompneg and QGComppos. WQSneg and WQSpos, sum of negative and positive weights, respectively, calculated after renormalizing positive and negative weights to 1.0; WQSneg+pos, joint association as the sum of WQSneg and WQSpos. GWG, gestational weight gain; QGComp, quantile g-computation; WQSR, weighted quantile sum regression.