Table 1.
Clinical and demographic characteristics of the analyzed sample
| Level | Non-exposed | Exposed | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| n | 1129 | 1129 | |
| Female (%) | 574 (50.8) | 574 (50.8) | 1.000 |
| Age (%) | |||
| < 45 yr | 783 (69.4) | 783 (69.4) | 1.000 |
| 45-65 yr | 248 (22.0) | 248 (22.0) | |
| > 65 yr | 98 (8.7) | 98 (8.7) | |
| Race (%) | |||
| Black | 319 (28.3) | 319 (28.3) | 1.000 |
| Other | 31 (2.7) | 31 (2.7) | |
| White | 779 (69.0) | 779 (69.0) | |
| PIR (mean (SD)) | 2.86 (1.82) | 2.84 (1.83) | 0.778 |
| Smokers (%) | 561 (49.7) | 596 (52.8) | 0.152 |
| BMI (%) | |||
| Underweight | 47 (4.2) | 6 (0.5) | < 0.001 |
| Normal | 766 (67.9) | 266 (23.6) | |
| Overweight | 299 (26.5) | 434 (38.4) | |
| Obese | 16 (1.4) | 423 (37.5) | |
| No. Of MetS factors (%) | |||
| 0 | 1129 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | < 0.001 |
| 1 | 0 (0.0) | 441 (39.1) | |
| 2 | 0 (0.0) | 318 (28.2) | |
| 3 | 0 (0.0) | 206 (18.2) | |
| 4 | 0 (0.0) | 109 (9.7) | |
| 5 | 0 (0.0) | 55 (4.9) | |
| Increased WC (%) | 0 (0.0) | 628 (55.6) | < 0.001 |
| High TG (%) | 0 (0.0) | 429 (38.0) | < 0.001 |
| Low HDL (%) | 0 (0.0) | 566 (50.1) | < 0.001 |
| High BP (%) | 0 (0.0) | 406 (36.0) | < 0.001 |
| High glucose (%) | 0 (0.0) | 377 (33.4) | < 0.001 |
| Periodontitis (%) | 222 (19.7) | 259 (22.9) | 0.064 |
| Periodontal status (%) | |||
| Healthy | 705 (62.4) | 610 (54.0) | < 0.001 |
| Gingivitis | 202 (17.9) | 260 (23.0) | |
| Stable periodontitis | 143 (12.7) | 137 (12.1) | |
| Active periodontitis | 79 (7.0) | 122 (10.8) | |
| PISA (mean (SD)) | 30.36 (61.21) | 43.17 (79.81) | < 0.001 |
| PPD (mean (SD)) | 2.35 (0.45) | 2.43 (0.50) | < 0.001 |
| CAL (mean (SD)) | 2.03 (0.91) | 2.08 (0.90) | 0.220 |
| BoP (mean (SD)) | 7.44 (12.61) | 10.13 (15.06) | < 0.001 |
| Gingival bleeding (%) | |||
| No BoP | 596 (52.8) | 517 (45.8) | < 0.001 |
| BoP < 10% | 252 (22.3) | 230 (20.4) | |
| BoP ≥ 10% | 281 (24.9) | 382 (33.8) | |
| Diabetics (%) | 0 (0.0) | 74 (6.6) | < 0.001 |
| Diabetics on insulin (%) | 0 (0.0) | 19 (28.8) | < 0.001 |
| SBP (mean (SD)) | 115.53 (12.76) | 124.29 (16.63) | < 0.001 |
| DBP (mean (SD)) | 71.83 (8.14) | 77.73 (10.25) | < 0.001 |
| Hypertensives (%) | 0 (0.0) | 328 (29.2) | < 0.001 |
| Hypertensives on HT pills (%) | 0 (0.0) | 158 (76.3) | < 0.001 |
| BP ≥ 130/80 mmHg | 280 (24.8) | 570 (50.5) | < 0.001 |
| BP ≥ 140/90 mmHg | 55 (4.9) | 239 (21.2) | < 0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | |||
| Normal | 1023 (91.0) | 851 (75.7) | < 0.001 |
| Pre-diabetes | 99 (8.8) | 188 (16.7) | |
| Diabetes | 2 (0.2) | 85 (7.6) | |
| WBC (mean (SD)) | 6.72 (2.01) | 7.26 (2.20) | < 0.001 |
| Lymphocytes (mean (SD)) | 2.16 (0.65) | 2.35 (0.90) | < 0.001 |
| Monocytes (mean (SD)) | 0.38 (0.18) | 0.42 (0.21) | < 0.001 |
| Granulocytes (mean (SD)) | 4.18 (1.65) | 4.49 (1.77) | < 0.001 |
| RBC (mean (SD)) | 4.62 (0.46) | 4.73 (0.48) | < 0.001 |
| Hb (mean (SD)) | 13.96 (1.41) | 14.10 (1.53) | 0.021 |
| HTC (mean (SD)) | 41.42 (3.89) | 41.76 (4.15) | 0.047 |
| PLT (mean (SD)) | 262.51 (63.12) | 274.01 (72.93) | < 0.001 |
| Ferritin (mean (SD)) | 113.32 (119.85) | 145.10 (150.36) | < 0.001 |
| LDL-c (mean (SD)) | 117.59 (32.28) | 129.59 (33.99) | < 0.001 |
| HDL-c (mean (SD)) | 60.81 (14.27) | 47.27 (14.89) | < 0.001 |
| CRP (mean (SD)) | 0.30 (0.43) | 0.49 (0.99) | < 0.001 |
| Glucose (mean (SD)) | 87.03 (7.18) | 101.25 (35.55) | < 0.001 |
| Creatinine (mean (SD)) | 1.06 (0.18) | 1.07 (0.22) | 0.068 |
| Cholesterol (mean (SD)) | 199.25 (36.22) | 210.57 (40.85) | < 0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mean (SD)) | 80.67 (27.73) | 153.61 (110.03) | < 0.001 |
Individuals in the exposed group have at least one MetS component, while non-exposed individuals have none
BMI Body Mass Index, HbA1c glycated hemoglobin, PISA periodontal inflamed surface area, PPD periodontal pocket depth, CAL clinical attachment loss, BoP bleeding on probing, WBC white blood cells, RBC red blood cells, Hb hemoglobin, HCT hematocrit, PLT platelets, LDL-c low density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-c high density lipoprotein cholesterol, CRP C-reactive protein, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, HT hypertension