Table 1.
Summary of the studies on the sensitivity and specificity of immunological methods for strongyloidiasis
| Immunological methoda | Population sample | Sensitivity (%) | Specificity (%) | Reference method | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ELISA IgG IVD commercial kit | Serum from pregnant women in the Peruvian Amazon | 63.3 | 69.6 | Parasitological | [58] |
| Serum from Center for Tropical Diseases in Italy and National Institute of Health in the USA | 91.2 | 99.1 | Parasitological | [24] | |
| Serum from Universiti Sains Malaysia in Malaysia | 84.6 | 83.6 | Parasitological | [59] | |
| ELISA IgG Bordier commercial kit | Serum from outpatients at Hospital for Tropical Diseases in London | 81 | NA | Parasitological | [60] |
| Serum from patients at Rennes University Hospital in France | 100 | 97 | Parasitological | [29] | |
| Serum from Center for Tropical Diseases in Italy and National Institute of Health in the USA | 89.5 | 98.3 | Parasitological | [24] | |
| ELISA crude antigen SciMedx commercial kit | Serum from patients in the Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre in Spain | 89.2 to 94.7 | 72.3 to 89.3 | Composite reference and parasitological | [61] |
| ELISA IgG InBios Strongy Detect commercial kit | Serum submitted to laboratories in the USA | 80 | 90 | Parasitological | [62] |
| NIE-ELISA NovaLisa commercial kit | Serum from patients in the Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre in Spain | 72.3 to 78.9 | 85.1 to 93.6 | Composite reference and parasitological | [61] |
| ELISA IgG Strongy Detect (both Ss-NIE and Ss-IR recombinant antigens) commercial kit | Serum from patients at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases in the USA | 98.6 | 98.6 | Parasitological | [31] |
| ELISA IgG4 Strongy Detect (both Ss-NIE and Ss-IR recombinant antigens) commercial kit | Serum from patients at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases in the USA | 95.9 | 100 | Parasitological | [31] |
| ELISA IgG (crude Strongyloides ratti antigen) | Urine from communities in northeast Thailand | 83 to 85 | 53 to 56 | Parasitological | [63] |
| Serum from communities in northeast Thailand | 100 | 42.6 | Parasitological | [63] | |
| Serum from communities in northeast Thailand | 84.5 | 100 | Parasitological | [64] | |
| ELISA IgG (crude Strongyloides venezuelensis antigen) | Serum from Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade in Brazil | 95 | 97.83 | Parasitological | [65] |
| Serum from Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade in Brazil | 92.5 | 93.48 | Parasitological | [65] | |
| Serum from Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt in Peru | 74.1 | 100 | Parasitological | [66] | |
| ELISA IgG (crude Strongyloides stercoralis antigen) | Serum from communities in northeast Thailand | 73 | 86 | Parasitological | [67] |
| Serum from communities in northeast Thailand | 83.5 | 100 | Parasitological | [64] | |
| Serum from patients with hematologic malignancy at the University Hospital in Brazil | 68.0 | 89.0 | Parasitological | [68] | |
| Serum from Universiti Sains Malaysia in Malaysia | 84.6 | 81.8 | Parasitological | [59] | |
| Serum from patients with corticosteroid therapy in primary health care centers in Egypt | 42.1 | 82.6 | Parasitological | [69] | |
| Serum from Instituto de Investigacionces de Enfermedades Tropicales in Argentina | 97 | 100 | Parasitological | [70] | |
| Serum from immunocompromised patients in Phramongkutlao Hospital in Thailand | 42.9 | 96.3 | Parasitological | [27] | |
| Centers for Disease Control and prevention EIA IgG (crude Strongyloides stercoralis antigen) | Serum from patients at Toronto General Hospital in Canada | 94.6 | NA | Parasitological | [71] |
| ELISA IgG | Serum from travelers attending the Hospital for Tropical Diseases in London | 73 | NA | Parasitological | [72] |
| ELISA IgG | Serum from immigrants attending the Hospital for Tropical Diseases in London | 98 | NA | Parasitological | [72] |
| ELISA IgG4 (crude Strongyloides stercoralis antigen) | Serum from Universiti Sains Malaysia in Malaysia | 76.9 | 92.7 | Parasitological | [59] |
| ELISA IgE (crude Strongyloides stercoralis antigen) | Serum from Universiti Sains Malaysia in Malaysia | 100 | 100 | Parasitological, molecular, immunological | [73] |
| Serum from Universiti Sains Malaysia in Malaysia | 7.7 | 100 | Parasitological | [59] | |
| ELISA IgY (crude Strongyloides venezuelensis antigen from larva) | Serum from Biological Samples Bank of Laboratório de Parasitologia in Brazil | 95.56 | 88.89 | Parasitological | [74] |
| ELISA IgY (crude Strongyloides venezuelensis antigen from adult females) | Serum from Biological Samples Bank of Laboratório de Parasitologia in Brazil | 95.56 | 91.11 | Parasitological | [74] |
| ELISA IgG (synthetic peptide C10) | Serum from patients | 95 | 89.2 | Parasitological | [75] |
| ELISA IgG (synthetic peptide D3) | Serum from patients | 95 | 92.5 | Parasitological | [75] |
| ELISA IgG4 (Strongyloides stercoralis rSs1a recombinant antigen) | Serum from Universiti Sains Malaysia in Malaysia | 96 | 93 | Parasitological, molecular, immunological | [76] |
| ELISA IgG (SsAg recombinant monoclonal antibody) | Serum bank at University Sains Malaysia in Malaysia | 100 | 100 | Parasitological and immunological | [77] |
| ELISA (Strongyloides stercoralis recombinant 14-3-3 protein) | Serum from patients | 96 | NA | Parasitology | [78] |
| NIE-ELISA | Serum from Center for Tropical Diseases in Italy and National Institute of Health in the USA | 75.4 | 94.8 | Parasitological | [24] |
| Serum from Instituto de Investigacionces de Enfermedades Tropicales in Argentina | 84 | 100 | Parasitological | [70] | |
| Serum from communities in Argentina | 76.7 | 71.6 | Bayesian latent class analysis estimates | [79] | |
| Dried blood spots from indigenous community in Australia | 85.7 | 88.9 | Parasitological | [80] | |
| NIE-LIPS | Serum submitted to laboratories in the USA | 100 | 100 | Parasitological | [62] |
| Serum from Center for Tropical Diseases in Italy and National Institute of Health in the USA | 85.1 | 100 | Parasitological | [24] | |
| Serum from Instituto de Investigacionces de Enfermedades Tropicales in Argentina | 97.8 | 100 | Parasitological | [70] | |
| NIE dot-based assay | Serum from multiple reference laboratories | 96.3 | 100 | Parasitological | [81] |
| SsIR-LIPS | Serum from Instituto de Investigacionces de Enfermedades Tropicales in Argentina | 91.2 | 100 | Parasitological | [70] |
| IFAT (Strongyloides stercoralis larva) | Serum from patients at the Centre for Tropical Diseases in Italy | 95.5 | NA | Composite reference | [16] |
| Serum from Center for Tropical Diseases in Italy and National Institute of Health in the USA | 93.9 | 92.2 | Parasitological | [24] | |
| Gelatin particle indirect agglutination assay (crude Strongyloides stercoralis antigen) | Serum from communities in northeast Thailand | 81 | 81 | Parasitological | [67] |
| Serum from patients with corticosteroid therapy in primary health care centers in Egypt | 89.4 | 81.8 | Parasitological | [69] | |
| Gelatin particle indirect agglutination (crude Strongyloides venezuelensis antigen) | Serum from Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt in Peru | 98.2 | 100 | Parasitological | [66] |
| ICT (crude Strongyloides stercoralis antigen) | Serum from Khon Kaen University in Thailand | 93.3 | 83.7 | Parasitological | [32] |
| Lateral flow rapid dipstick test IgG4 (SsRapid™) | Serum from northeast Thailand | 82 | 96 | Parasitological, immunological | [82] |
| Serum from Universiti Sains Malaysia in Malaysia | 91.3 | 100 | Parasitological, molecular, immunological | [33] |
aEIA enzyme immunosorbent assay, ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ICT immunochromatographic test, IFAT immunofluorescene antibody test, LIPS luciferase immunoprecipitation systems assay